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Review
. 2023 Nov 17:9:e14.
doi: 10.15420/cfr.2023.03. eCollection 2023.

Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics and Cause-specific Outcomes in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Chris J Kapelios  1 , Bahira Shahim  2 , Lars H Lund  2 , Gianluigi Savarese  2
Affiliations
Review

Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics and Cause-specific Outcomes in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Chris J Kapelios et al. Card Fail Rev. .

Abstract

Heart failure (HF) is a global pandemic affecting 64 million people worldwide. HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has traditionally received less attention than its main counterpart, HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The incidence and prevalence of HFpEF show geographic variation and are increasing over time, soon expected to surpass those of HFrEF. Morbidity and mortality rates of HFpEF are considerable, albeit lower than those of HFrEF. This review focuses on the burden of HFpEF, providing contemporary data on epidemiology, clinical characteristics and comorbidities, cause-specific outcomes, costs and pharmacotherapy.

Keywords: Mortality; costs; heart failure; hospitalisations; left ventricular ejection fraction.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure: LHL has received grants from AstraZeneca, Vifor, Boston Scientific, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis and MSD; consulting fees from Vifor, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Pharmacosmos, MSD, Medscape, Sanofi, Lexicon, MyoKardia, Boehringer Ingelheim, Servier, Edwards Life Sciences and Alleviant; speaker honoraria from Abbott, Orion Pharma, Medscape, Radcliffe Group, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim and Bayer; patent and stock for AnaCardio; is a board member of Heart Failure Association of the ESC and Swedish Society of Cardiology, HF Working Group; and is on the Cardiac Failure Review editorial board; this did not influence peer review. GS has received grants from Vifor Pharma, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, AstraZeneca, Pharmacosmos, Merck, Bayer, Cytokinetics and Horizon 2022; consulting fees from TEVA, Ministero dell’Istruzione, Università e Ricerca, Medical Education Global Solutions, Atheneum, Genesis, Vifor Pharma and L’Agence nationale de la recherche; honoraria from Servier, Roche, Cytokinetics, Translational Medicine Academy Foundation, Medtronic, Medical Education Global Solutions, Dynamicom Education, AstraZeneca, Vifor Pharma and Novartis; expenses paid by Boehringer Ingelheim; and has participated on the advisory boards of AstraZeneca, Edwards, Uppsala Clinical Research Center (UCR), Vifor and Servier. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

Figure 1:
Figure 1:. Prevalence of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Expressed as Percentage of All Heart Failure Cases in Selected Epidemiological Studies across Different Countries
Figure 2:
Figure 2:. Smoothed Probability Density Function for Values of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction by Decade in Participants Free of Heart Failure Juxtaposed with Participants with Heart Failure
Figure 3:
Figure 3:. Distribution of the Main Cardiovascular and Non-cardiovascular Comorbidities and of Heart Failure and Non-heart Failure Treatments across the Ejection Fraction Spectrum
Figure 4:
Figure 4:. Mortality Rates after One Year, Stratified to Heart Failure Subtype and Country Income Level
Figure 5:
Figure 5:. Incidence of the Relevant Heart Failure Outcomes in the Population with Heart Failure across the Ejection Fraction Categories
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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