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. 2023 Dec;13(12):418.
doi: 10.1007/s13205-023-03830-6. Epub 2023 Nov 27.

Physicochemical characterization and therapeutic potential of ink from squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana

Affiliations

Physicochemical characterization and therapeutic potential of ink from squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana

Sital Khandelwal et al. 3 Biotech. 2023 Dec.

Abstract

In the current study, the squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana ink was used as a raw material. It summarizes physicochemical, elemental, and spectral properties (UV/Visible spectroscopy and FT-IR) of crude ink, whereas the biochemical analysis was performed with crude ink (CI) as well as melanin-free ink (MFI). The percentage yield was analyzed using various solvent extracts of CI and MFI. GC-MS was performed for the chemical constituents of the methanolic extract of ink. Furthermore, the methanolic extract was subjected to various biological applications. The physicochemical analysis defines the presence of moisture, ash, extractive value, solubility, and thermal stability of CI. The biochemical analysis reveals protein, lipid, and carbohydrate of 2.5, 2.2, and 2.37 mg/ml for CI and 2.8, 3.7, and 4.51 mg/ml for MFI respectively. The extract showed the highest zone of inhibition at 100 μg/ml. The antioxidant activity reveals the highest percentage of radical-scavenging activity in nitric oxide (NO) (89%), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay showed the highest inhibition activity of 0.41 nm at 100 µg/ml. The cytotoxic ability of methanolic extract against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line revealed an IC50 value of 10.13 μg/ml. Toxicity assay showed increased mortality of Artemia nauplii at higher concentrations (1000 ppm/40%) of extract. These findings indicate that S. lessoniana ink is a novel prospective product that needs to be characterized in order to increase its pharmacological activity.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03830-6.

Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Antioxidant activity; Breast cancer cell line; GC; MS; Physicochemical analysis; Sepioteuthis lessoniana.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
TGA (Black line) and DTG (Blue line) thermogram of CI isolated from Sepioteuthis lessoniana
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
EDAX showing the elemental composition with atomic % and weight % of major six elements of CI from Sepioteuthis lessoniana
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
UV–vis spectrum of CI from S. lessoniana. The graph is plotted by absorbance against the wavelength
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
The FT-IR spectrum of CI from S. lessoniana ink. Graph is plotted by % transmittance value against wavelength in the range of 4000–500 cm−1
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Effect of methanolic extract of CI on bacterial biofilms. Light microscopic observation of biofilm at different concentration (25–200 μg/ml) on bacterial strains. Microscopic images are taken at magnification (40X) and scale bar (100 pixel)
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Antioxidant activity of S. lessoniana CI methanolic extract. AE denotes the different antioxidant assays. % Inhibition and absorbance value analyzed by different concentrations (0–100 μg/ml) of sample
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Anti-cancer activity (a) control (b) Breast cancer cell lines treated with CI methanolic extract for 24 h stained with AO/EB, infers apoptotic morphology. Microscopic images are taken at magnification (20X), scale bar (100 μm)
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Apoptotic nuclear morphology of MDA-MD-231 cells identified with Hoechst stain (c) control, (d) CI of methanolic extract treated with cells for 24 h with Hoechst staining. Microscopic images are taken at magnification (20X), scale bar (100 μm)
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Cytotoxicity assay of methanolic extract against MDA-MD-231 cell line. A % of cytotoxicity against different concentrations (1–12 μg/ml), B showing the tradeline graph with R2 value
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Light microscope (40X) observation of Artemia franciscana treated with CI methanolic extract at (AI) different concentrations (0–1000 ppm)

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