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. 2023;6(4):491-500.
doi: 10.26502/jbb.2642-91280111. Epub 2023 Oct 19.

Biomechanical Forces in the Tissue Engineering and Regeneration of Shoulder, Hip, Knee, and Ankle Joints

Merlin Rajesh Lal Lp  1 , Devendra K Agrawal  1
Affiliations

Biomechanical Forces in the Tissue Engineering and Regeneration of Shoulder, Hip, Knee, and Ankle Joints

Merlin Rajesh Lal Lp et al. J Biotechnol Biomed. 2023.

Abstract

Tear on the tendon, ligament and articular cartilage of the joints do not heal by itself and new modalities of treatment are required to address the need for full restoration of joint functions. Accompanied by degenerative diseases, the healing of these tissues does not occur naturally and hence requires surgical interventions, but with associated morbidity. Tissue engineering strategies are now focusing on the effective incorporation of biomechanical stimulation by the application of biomechanical forces relevant to the tissue of interest to regenerate and engineer functional tissues. Bioreactors are being continuously developed to accomplish this goal. Although bioreactors have been developed, the advancement in the field of biomaterial, basic science, and cell engineering warrant further refinement for their effective use. In this article we reviewed the application of biomechanical forces in the tissue engineering and regeneration of the joints such as rotator cuff of shoulder, ball and socket joint of the hip, articular cartilage of knee, and the ankle joints.

Keywords: Ankle joint; Articular cartilage; Biomechanics of joints; Bioreactors; Hip joint; Knee joint; Shoulder joint; Tendon; Tissue engineering.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interest Both authors have read the manuscript and declare no conflict of interest. No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

Figures

Figure 1:
Figure 1:
Schematic image showing the transfer of forces during the movement of shoulder joint. Black lines show the axis of load transfer. (A) Transfer of load during initial phase of abduction, (B) the acromion blocking the humerus at around 120o angle, and (C) the rotation of scapula to make the humoral elevation to 180o angle.
Figure 2:
Figure 2:
Schematic image showing the transfer of forces on the hip joint (A), Flexion of knee (B), Extension of knee (C), and ankle joint (D). Black lines show the axis of load transfer.
Figure 3:
Figure 3:
A schematic image representation of the grades of injury and current treatment/management approaches for load bearing tissues. MACI, matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Figure 4:
Figure 4:
A schematic diagram showing the process of tissue engineering to develop functional tissue.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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