Stevia as a natural additive on gut health and cecal microbiota in broilers

Abstract

Stevia mash (SM), leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plant, is an additive used in poultry that enhances growth and health. Objective: to determine the effect of 1 % SM on productive parameters, gut health, and the cecal microbiome in broilers between the first 15 and 21 days old. One hundred sixty male, 1-day-old broilers (48.5 ± 2.5 g) were divided into Control (C) without SM and Treated (T) with 1 % SM on diet, during 15/21 days. Each subgroup had eight broilers/five repetitions/treatment. At day 15 or 21, all broilers were dissected, Fabricius Bursa and Gut removed and processed for histomorphometry, followed by Villi Height/Crypt Deep (VH/CD) ratio. Conversion Index (CI) was determined. The V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was amplified from DNA obtained from pooled cecal contents and sequenced on Illumina Miseq PE 2 × 250 platform. Sequence processing and taxonomic assignments were performed using the SHAMAN pipeline. Both T groups have better VH/CD Ratios than C groups (p ≤ 0.05). In guts, increased plasmatic and goblet cells number and thicker mucus layer were found in T15 and T21. All groups received SM showed early immunological maturity in Fabricius Bursa. IC was similar between all treatments. Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus torques group, and Bacteroides were the major genera modulated by SM addition. At 15 and 21 days old, SM exerts a impact on diversity and evenness of the cecal microbiome. Conclusion: SM (1 %) produced early immunologic maturity on Fabricius Bursa, increased intestinal functionality, and modified the microbiota, increasing beneficial microbial genera and microbial diversity.

Keywords: Alternative to antibiotics; Broiler chicken; Cecal Metagenomic; Gut health; Stevia.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

A gut histological section in broilers fed S, in diet, during 15 and 21 days. (A): C15, (B): C21; (C): T15, (D): T21 (10 X). In C it is shown increased Goblet cells (G) and mucus layer (M) well developed and some Plasmatic cells (P). In D it is shown increased G, M, and P near apical border villi.

Fig. 2

Fabricius bursa histological section in broilers fed Stevia mash (1  %) during 15 and 21 days. (A): C15, (B): C21; (C): T15, (D): T21 (10 X). In C and D it is shown more follicular develop than A and B. Bar=200 µ.

Fig. 3

Distribution of main bacterial taxonomic groups (dominant genera) based on high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene of the cecal community of broilers fed Stevia mash (1  %) during 15 and 21 days. C: broilers fed control diet. T: broilers fed diet with Stevia mash (1  %). The analysis was performed using the Web-Based Metagenomics Platform SHAMAN.

Fig. 4

Diversity analysis of of the cecal community of broilers fed Stevia mash (1  %) during 15 and 21 days. C: broilers fed control diet. T: broilers fed diet with Stevia mash (1  %). The analysis was performed using the Web-Based Metagenomics Platform SHAMAN.