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. 2023 Nov 14;9(11):e22188.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22188. eCollection 2023 Nov.

Thermal stability and theoretical analysis of madder dye absorption pattern on cotton fabric

B SenthilKumar  1 , Sundar M  1 , Ramasubbu P  2 , Dominic J  3 , Gowri Shannkari B  4 , Chitra Devi S  5
Affiliations

Thermal stability and theoretical analysis of madder dye absorption pattern on cotton fabric

B SenthilKumar et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

In this investigation woven cotton fabric was dyed with madder dye under different dyeing conditions such as in the presence of without mordant, single mordant and mixed mordant. The thermal behaviour of non-mordanted,single mordanted and mixed chemical mordanted with madder dyed cotton fabrics were investigated through thermogravimetric analysis. Further, the fundamental molecular arrangement of dyed cotton fabric was confirmed by the Fourier transformer-Infrared spectroscopy, and the electronic orientation of dye molecule, and after adsorption of cellulose structure is confirmed from Ultra-Violet spectroscopy. HOMO and LUMO calculations are evaluated from the gaussian software. The interaction and binding energies between inhibitor (dye molecule) and cellulose surface are evaluated from molecular dynamic simulation using BIOVIA material studio software.

Keywords: Adsorption andBinding energy; Cellulose; Dye; HOMO and LUMO; Madder.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Dr.B.Senthil kumar reports equipment, drugs, or supplies was provided by The central instrumentation facility of Gandhigram rural institute.Dr.B.Senthil kumar.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
FT-IR spectra of before and after adsorption of madder and cotton at different pH A) pH 3, B) pH 5, C) pH 7, D) pH 9, E) pH 11, and F) pH13.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
A) UV–Visible spectroscopy of madder dye and B) UV–Visible spectroscopy of madder dye at different pH.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
UV–Visible spectroscopy in the range of 600–750 nm of madder dye at different pH.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Formation of monoanion and dianion in the madder dye molecule.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Thermogram of madder dye.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Thermogram of A) undyed cotton and B) Dyed cotton.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Madder adsorption in cellulose structure.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
HOMO and LUMO structure of Madder.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Thermogram of madder dye at different heating rate.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Plot of ln[-ln(1 - x)] vs 1000/T at different heating rate of madder dye.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
Thermogravimetric curve of madder dye absorbed cotton A) without mordant, B) madder dye scoured and bleached cotton with different madder dye concentration (1 %–5 %) in 3 % Fe2SO4, C)madder dye scoured and bleached cotton with different madder dye concentration (1 %–5 %) in 4 % Fe2SO4, D) madder dye scoured and bleached cotton with different madder dye concentration (1 %–5 %) in 5 % Fe2SO4, E) madder dye scoured and bleached cotton with different madder dye concentration (1 %–5 %) in 6 % Fe2SO4 and E) madder dye scoured and bleached cotton with different madder dye concentration (1 %–5 %) in 7 % Fe2SO4.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12
Thermogravimetric curve of Mordant A) cotton with 1–5 % of madder dye without Fe2SO4, B) cotton with 1–5 % of madder dye with 3 % of Fe2SO4/Alum, C)cotton with 1–5 % of madder dye with 4 % of Fe 2SO4/Alum, D) cotton with 1–5 % of madder dye with 3 % of Fe2SO4/Alum, E) cotton with 1–5 % of madder dye with 6 % of Fe2SO4/Alum and F) cotton with 1–5 % of madder dye with 7 % of Fe2SO4/Alum.
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