Microbial interactions and the homeostasis of the gut microbiome: the role of Bifidobacterium

Abstract

The human gut is home to trillions of microorganisms that influence several aspects of our health. This dense microbial community targets almost all dietary polysaccharides and releases multiple metabolites, some of which have physiological effects on the host. A healthy equilibrium between members of the gut microbiota, its microbial diversity, and their metabolites is required for intestinal health, promoting regulatory or anti-inflammatory immune responses. In contrast, the loss of this equilibrium due to antibiotics, low fiber intake, or other conditions results in alterations in gut microbiota composition, a term known as gut dysbiosis. This dysbiosis can be characterized by a reduction in health-associated microorganisms, such as butyrate-producing bacteria, enrichment of a small number of opportunistic pathogens, or a reduction in microbial diversity. Bifidobacterium species are key species in the gut microbiome, serving as primary degraders and contributing to a balanced gut environment in various ways. Colonization resistance is a fundamental property of gut microbiota for the prevention and control of infections. This community competes strongly with foreign microorganisms, such as gastrointestinal pathogens, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, or even probiotics. Resistance to colonization is based on microbial interactions such as metabolic cross-feeding, competition for nutrients, or antimicrobial-based inhibition. These interactions are mediated by metabolites and metabolic pathways, representing the inner workings of the gut microbiota, and play a protective role through colonization resistance. This review presents a rationale for how microbial interactions provide resistance to colonization and gut dysbiosis, highlighting the protective role of Bifidobacterium species.

Keywords: Bifidobacterium; colonization resistance; gut dysbiosis; microbial interactions.

Figure 1

Schematic diagram of factors leading to gut dysbiosis and loss of colonization resistance. Antibiotics and diets poor in fiber have been shown to promote gut dysbiosis, reducing the ability of the epithelium to counteract pathogens and foreign bacteria, that is, colonization resistance. While a robust epithelium and gut microbiome usually inhibits the colonization and growth of potentially harmful microorganisms and probiotics, dysbiosis favors the colonization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and pathogens.