Multicenter Study

. 2024 Apr 10;78(4):1056-1064.

doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad677.

Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A-Associated Hospitalization, Organ Failure, and Death: United States, 2022-2023

Nathaniel M Lewis¹, Yuwei Zhu², Ithan D Peltan³, Manjusha Gaglani⁴, Tresa McNeal⁵, Shekhar Ghamande⁶, Jay S Steingrub⁷, Nathan I Shapiro⁸, Abhijit Duggal⁹, William S Bender¹⁰, Leyla Taghizadeh¹¹, Samuel M Brown³, David N Hager¹², Michelle N Gong¹³, Amira Mohamed¹⁴, Matthew C Exline¹⁴, Akram Khan¹⁵, Jennifer G Wilson¹⁶, Nida Qadir¹⁷, Steven Y Chang¹⁷, Adit A Ginde¹⁸, Nicholas M Mohr¹⁹, Christopher Mallow²⁰, Adam S Lauring²¹, Nicholas J Johnson²², Kevin W Gibbs²³, Jennie H Kwon²⁴, Cristie Columbus²⁵, Robert L Gottlieb²⁶, Catherine Raver²⁵, Ivana A Vaughn²⁷, Mayur Ramesh²⁸, Cassandra Johnson², Lois Lamerato²⁷, Basmah Safdar²⁹, Jonathan D Casey³⁰, Todd W Rice³⁰, Natasha Halasa³¹, James D Chappell³¹, Carlos G Grijalva³², H Keipp Talbot³³, Adrienne Baughman³⁴, Kelsey N Womack³⁵, Sydney A Swan², Elizabeth Harker¹, Ashley Price¹, Jennifer DeCuir¹, Diya Surie¹, Sascha Ellington¹, Wesley H Self³⁶; Investigating Respiratory Viruses in the Acutely Ill (IVY) Network

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

Investigating Respiratory Viruses in the Acutely Ill (IVY) Network:
Nicole Calhoun, Kempapura Murthy, Joselyn Cravens, Judy Herrick, Amanda McKillop, Eric Hoffman, Ashley Graves, Martha Zayed, Michael Smith, Baylor Scott, White Health, Tammy Fisher, Mariana Hurutado-Rodriguez, Taryn Kruse, Symone Dunkley, Gabriela Perez, Ashley Bychkowski, Therissa Grefsrud, Nicole Calhoun, Kempapura Murthy, Judy Herrick, Michael Smith, Jay Steingrub, Lori-Ann Kozikowski, Lesley De Souza, Scott Ouellette, Nathan I Shapiro, Michael Bolstad, Brianna Coviello, Robert Ciottone, Arnaldo Devilla, Ana Grafals, Conor Higgins, Carlo Ottanelli, Kimberly Redman, Douglas Scaffidi, Alexander Weingart, Diya Surie, Meredith McMorrow, Jennifer DeCuir, Nathaniel Lewis, Elizabeth Harker, Sascha Ellington, Omar Mehkri, Megan Mitchell, Zachary Griffith, Connery Brennan, Kiran Ashok, Bryan Poynter, Abhijit Duggal, Laurence Busse, Caitlin Ten Lohuis, Nicholas Stanley, Sophia Zhang, Matthew E Prekker, Anne E P Frosch, Audrey Hendrickson, Stephen Douglas, Kowsar Hurreh, Ithan Peltan, Cassie Smith, Hunter Marshall, David N Hager, Harith Ali, Minh Phan, Michelle Gong, Amira Mohamed, Rahul Nair, Jen-Ting Tina Chen, Matthew Exline, Sarah Karow, Maryiam Khan, Madison So, Connor Snyder, Gabrielle Swoope, David Smith, Brooke Lee, Amanie Rasul, Manisha Pathak, Zachery Lewald, Reece Wilson, Akram Khan, José Peña, Genesis Briceno, Cassandra Ahmed, Jesus Martinez, Edvinas Pocius, Minn Oh, Jessica Hyde, Sherie Gause, Jennifer G Wilson, Alexandra June Gordon, Cynthia Perez, Lily Lau, Ismail Hakki Bekiroglu, Cody Tran, Trevor Frankel, Omai Garner, Sukantha Chandrasekaran, Adit Ginde, David Douin, Amanda Martinez, David Huynh, Aimee Steinwand, Amy Sullivan, Cori Withers, Nicholas Mohr, Anne Zepeski, Paul Nassar, Shannon Landers, Karin Nielsen, Noble Briggs, Cathy Fairfield, Alex Peebles, Chris Mallow, Carolina Rivas, Emily Martin, Arnold Monto, Adam Lauring, E J McSpadden, Rachel Truscon, Anne Kaniclides, Lara Thomas, Ramsay Bielak, Weronika Damek Valvano, Rebecca Fong, William J Fitzsimmons, Christopher N Blair, Julie Gilbert, Leigh Papalambros, Ankur Holz, Nicholas Johnson, Vasisht Srinivasan, Christine D Crider, Kyle A Steinbock, Thomas C Paulsen, Layla A Anderson, Wesley H Self, H Keipp Talbot, Carlos Grijalva, Ian Jones, Natasha Halasa, James Chappell, Kelsey Womack, Jillian Rhoads, Adrienne Baughman, Christy Kampe, Jakea Johnson, Sydney Swan, Cassandra Johnson, Yuwei Zhu, Todd Rice, Jonathan Casey, William B Stubblefield, Yuwei Zhu, Laura L Short, Lauren J Ezzell, Margaret E Whitsett, Rendie E McHenry, Samarian J Hargrave, Marcia Blair, Jennifer L Luther, Claudia Guevara Pulido, Bryan P M Peterson, D Clark Files, Kevin Gibbs, Leigha Landreth, Madeline Hicks, Lisa Parks, Jennie Kwon, Bijal Parikh, David McDonald, Carleigh Samuels, Lucy Vogt, Caroline O'Neil, Alyssa Valencia, Tiffany Hink, Ashley Bychkowski, Symone Dunkley, Tammy Fisher, Therissa Grefsrud, Mariana H Hurutado-Rodriguez, Gabriela Cantu Perez, Kim Beney, Rachna Jayaprakash, Sindhuja Koneru, Jean Ashley Lava, Zina Pinderi, Melissa Resk, Anirudh Goyal, Lauren DeLamielleure, Michael Kosover, Carolyn Brokowski

Affiliations

¹ National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
² Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³ Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah, and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
⁴ Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple and Dallas, Texas, and Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA.
⁵ Baylor Scott and White Health, and Baylor College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA.
⁶ Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA.
⁷ Department of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA.
⁸ Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁹ Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
¹¹ Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
¹² Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
¹³ Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
¹⁸ Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
¹⁹ Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
²⁰ Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
²¹ Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
²² Department of Emergency Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
²³ Department of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
²⁴ Department of Medicine, Washington University, St.Louis, Missouri, USA.
²⁵ Baylor, Scott and White Health, Dallas, Texas, USA.
²⁶ Baylor University Medical Center Dallas, Baylor, Scott & White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor, Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA.
²⁷ Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
²⁸ Division of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
²⁹ Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
³⁰ Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³¹ Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³² Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³³ Departments of Medicine and Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³⁴ Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³⁵ Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³⁶ Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.

PMID: 38051664
PMCID: PMC11487098
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad677

Multicenter Study

Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A-Associated Hospitalization, Organ Failure, and Death: United States, 2022-2023

Nathaniel M Lewis et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2024.

. 2024 Apr 10;78(4):1056-1064.

doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad677.

Authors

Collaborators

Investigating Respiratory Viruses in the Acutely Ill (IVY) Network:
Nicole Calhoun, Kempapura Murthy, Joselyn Cravens, Judy Herrick, Amanda McKillop, Eric Hoffman, Ashley Graves, Martha Zayed, Michael Smith, Baylor Scott, White Health, Tammy Fisher, Mariana Hurutado-Rodriguez, Taryn Kruse, Symone Dunkley, Gabriela Perez, Ashley Bychkowski, Therissa Grefsrud, Nicole Calhoun, Kempapura Murthy, Judy Herrick, Michael Smith, Jay Steingrub, Lori-Ann Kozikowski, Lesley De Souza, Scott Ouellette, Nathan I Shapiro, Michael Bolstad, Brianna Coviello, Robert Ciottone, Arnaldo Devilla, Ana Grafals, Conor Higgins, Carlo Ottanelli, Kimberly Redman, Douglas Scaffidi, Alexander Weingart, Diya Surie, Meredith McMorrow, Jennifer DeCuir, Nathaniel Lewis, Elizabeth Harker, Sascha Ellington, Omar Mehkri, Megan Mitchell, Zachary Griffith, Connery Brennan, Kiran Ashok, Bryan Poynter, Abhijit Duggal, Laurence Busse, Caitlin Ten Lohuis, Nicholas Stanley, Sophia Zhang, Matthew E Prekker, Anne E P Frosch, Audrey Hendrickson, Stephen Douglas, Kowsar Hurreh, Ithan Peltan, Cassie Smith, Hunter Marshall, David N Hager, Harith Ali, Minh Phan, Michelle Gong, Amira Mohamed, Rahul Nair, Jen-Ting Tina Chen, Matthew Exline, Sarah Karow, Maryiam Khan, Madison So, Connor Snyder, Gabrielle Swoope, David Smith, Brooke Lee, Amanie Rasul, Manisha Pathak, Zachery Lewald, Reece Wilson, Akram Khan, José Peña, Genesis Briceno, Cassandra Ahmed, Jesus Martinez, Edvinas Pocius, Minn Oh, Jessica Hyde, Sherie Gause, Jennifer G Wilson, Alexandra June Gordon, Cynthia Perez, Lily Lau, Ismail Hakki Bekiroglu, Cody Tran, Trevor Frankel, Omai Garner, Sukantha Chandrasekaran, Adit Ginde, David Douin, Amanda Martinez, David Huynh, Aimee Steinwand, Amy Sullivan, Cori Withers, Nicholas Mohr, Anne Zepeski, Paul Nassar, Shannon Landers, Karin Nielsen, Noble Briggs, Cathy Fairfield, Alex Peebles, Chris Mallow, Carolina Rivas, Emily Martin, Arnold Monto, Adam Lauring, E J McSpadden, Rachel Truscon, Anne Kaniclides, Lara Thomas, Ramsay Bielak, Weronika Damek Valvano, Rebecca Fong, William J Fitzsimmons, Christopher N Blair, Julie Gilbert, Leigh Papalambros, Ankur Holz, Nicholas Johnson, Vasisht Srinivasan, Christine D Crider, Kyle A Steinbock, Thomas C Paulsen, Layla A Anderson, Wesley H Self, H Keipp Talbot, Carlos Grijalva, Ian Jones, Natasha Halasa, James Chappell, Kelsey Womack, Jillian Rhoads, Adrienne Baughman, Christy Kampe, Jakea Johnson, Sydney Swan, Cassandra Johnson, Yuwei Zhu, Todd Rice, Jonathan Casey, William B Stubblefield, Yuwei Zhu, Laura L Short, Lauren J Ezzell, Margaret E Whitsett, Rendie E McHenry, Samarian J Hargrave, Marcia Blair, Jennifer L Luther, Claudia Guevara Pulido, Bryan P M Peterson, D Clark Files, Kevin Gibbs, Leigha Landreth, Madeline Hicks, Lisa Parks, Jennie Kwon, Bijal Parikh, David McDonald, Carleigh Samuels, Lucy Vogt, Caroline O'Neil, Alyssa Valencia, Tiffany Hink, Ashley Bychkowski, Symone Dunkley, Tammy Fisher, Therissa Grefsrud, Mariana H Hurutado-Rodriguez, Gabriela Cantu Perez, Kim Beney, Rachna Jayaprakash, Sindhuja Koneru, Jean Ashley Lava, Zina Pinderi, Melissa Resk, Anirudh Goyal, Lauren DeLamielleure, Michael Kosover, Carolyn Brokowski

Affiliations

¹ National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
² Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³ Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah, and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
⁴ Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple and Dallas, Texas, and Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA.
⁵ Baylor Scott and White Health, and Baylor College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA.
⁶ Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA.
⁷ Department of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA.
⁸ Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁹ Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
¹¹ Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
¹² Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
¹³ Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
¹⁸ Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
¹⁹ Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
²⁰ Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
²¹ Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
²² Department of Emergency Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
²³ Department of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
²⁴ Department of Medicine, Washington University, St.Louis, Missouri, USA.
²⁵ Baylor, Scott and White Health, Dallas, Texas, USA.
²⁶ Baylor University Medical Center Dallas, Baylor, Scott & White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor, Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA.
²⁷ Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
²⁸ Division of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
²⁹ Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
³⁰ Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³¹ Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³² Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³³ Departments of Medicine and Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³⁴ Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³⁵ Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
³⁶ Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.

PMID: 38051664
PMCID: PMC11487098
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad677

Abstract

Background: Influenza circulation during the 2022-2023 season in the United States largely returned to pre-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-pandemic patterns and levels. Influenza A(H3N2) viruses were detected most frequently this season, predominately clade 3C.2a1b.2a, a close antigenic match to the vaccine strain.

Methods: To understand effectiveness of the 2022-2023 influenza vaccine against influenza-associated hospitalization, organ failure, and death, a multicenter sentinel surveillance network in the United States prospectively enrolled adults hospitalized with acute respiratory illness between 1 October 2022, and 28 February 2023. Using the test-negative design, vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates against influenza-associated hospitalization, organ failures, and death were measured by comparing the odds of current-season influenza vaccination in influenza-positive case-patients and influenza-negative, SARS-CoV-2-negative control-patients.

Results: A total of 3707 patients, including 714 influenza cases (33% vaccinated) and 2993 influenza- and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-negative controls (49% vaccinated) were analyzed. VE against influenza-associated hospitalization was 37% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 27%-46%) and varied by age (18-64 years: 47% [30%-60%]; ≥65 years: 28% [10%-43%]), and virus (A[H3N2]: 29% [6%-46%], A[H1N1]: 47% [23%-64%]). VE against more severe influenza-associated outcomes included: 41% (29%-50%) against influenza with hypoxemia treated with supplemental oxygen; 65% (56%-72%) against influenza with respiratory, cardiovascular, or renal failure treated with organ support; and 66% (40%-81%) against influenza with respiratory failure treated with invasive mechanical ventilation.

Conclusions: During an early 2022-2023 influenza season with a well-matched influenza vaccine, vaccination was associated with reduced risk of influenza-associated hospitalization and organ failure.

Keywords: acute respiratory illness; attenuation; influenza; organ failure; vaccine effectiveness.

Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America 2023.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Potential conflicts of interest. S. B. reports participating as the DSMB chair for Hamilton Ventilators, outside the submitted work. J. C. reports receiving funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Department of Defense (DoD), and a travel grant from Fisher-Paykel, outside the submitted work. S. C. reports consulting for PureTech Health in 2021–2022 and Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals in 2022, outside the submitted work. A. D. reports participating on an advisory board for ALung Technologies and being a principal investigator (PI) for the PETAL Network, outside the submitted work. C. G. G. reports consulting fees from Merck and received research support from Campbell Alliance/Syneos Health, NIH, CDC, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and AHRQ, outside the submitted work. M. N. G. reports receiving grant funding from NIH and AHRQ for research, honorarium for giving Medicine grand rounds at Yale and Washington Healthcare, fees for DSMB for Palm trial and Regeneron trials on monoclonal antibodies, and fees for serving on scientific advisory board for Philips Healthcare on monitoring, outside the submitted work. R. G. reports consulting for Gilead Sciences, Eli Lily, GSK, Janssen, and AbbVie, being on an advisory board for Gilead Sciences, Eli Lily, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), and AstraZeneca, speaker bureau for Pfizer and AbbVie, and gift-in-kind to institution from Gilead Sciences, outside the submitted work. N. H. reports prior grant support from Sanofi and Quidel, and current funding from Merck, outside the submitted work. A. L. reports being a consultant for Roche on a clinical trial of baloxavir, outside the submitted work. Christopher Mallow reports medical legal consulting, outside the submitted work. I. P. reports receiving grants from NHLBI, NIGMS, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals and institutional support from Regeneron, outside the submitted work. All other authors report no potential conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed.

Figures

**Figure 1.**
Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza-associated hospitalization for the 2022–2023 seasonal influenza vaccine overall and by subgroups. Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

**Figure 2.**
Peak respiratory illness severity experienced during the first 28 d of hospitalization among vaccinated and unvaccinated influenza cases. Peak respiratory illness severity was classified based on a 5-level scale, including: (1) no oxygen therapy; (2) standard flow supplemental oxygen (flow rate <30 L/min); (3) high flow nasal cannula or non-invasive ventilation; (4) invasive mechanical ventilation; (5) death. Overall, vaccinated cases experienced lower peak severity than unvaccinated cases (adjusted odds ratio: 0.59 [95% CI: .50–.70]). Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

**Figure 3.**
Vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the 2022–2023 seasonal influenza vaccine against influenza-associated organ failure and death outcomes. Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. CDC . Fluview Past Weekly Surveillance Reports 2017–2023. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/pastreports.htm. Accessed 18 March 2023.
1. Chung JR, Kim SS, Kondor RJ, et al. Interim estimates of 2021–22 seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness —United States, February 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:365–70. - PMC - PubMed
1. Delahoy MJ, Mortenson L, Bauman L, et al. Influenza A(H3N2) outbreak on a university campus—Michigan, October–November 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70:1712–4. - PMC - PubMed
1. Tenforde MW, Patel M, Lewis NM, et al. Vaccine effectiveness against influenza A(H3N2)–associated hospitalized illness: United States. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 76:1030–7. - PMC - PubMed
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Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A-Associated Hospitalization, Organ Failure, and Death: United States, 2022-2023

Collaborators

Affiliations

Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A-Associated Hospitalization, Organ Failure, and Death: United States, 2022-2023

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical

Miscellaneous