Maternal educational attainment in pregnancy and epigenome-wide DNA methylation changes in the offspring from birth until adolescence

Priyanka Choudhary^#¹, Giulietta S Monasso^#^{2

3}, Ville Karhunen^{4

5}, Justiina Ronkainen⁴, Giulia Mancano^{6

7}, Caitlin G Howe⁸, Zhongzheng Niu⁹, Xuehuo Zeng¹⁰, Weihua Guan¹¹, John Dou¹², Jason I Feinberg¹³, Charles Mordaunt¹⁴, Giancarlo Pesce^{15

16}, Nour Baïz¹⁷, Rossella Alfano¹⁸, Dries S Martens¹⁸, Congrong Wang¹⁸, Elena Isaevska¹⁹, Elina Keikkala^{20

21}, Sanna Mustaniemi^{20

21}, Chris H L Thio²², Eliza Fraszczyk²², Elmar W Tobi²³, Anne P Starling^{24

25

26}, Marta Cosin-Tomas^{27

28

29}, Jose Urquiza^{27

28

29}, Stefan Röder³⁰, Thanh T Hoang³¹, Christian Page^{32

33}, Dereje D Jima^{34

35}, John S House^{34

36}, Rachel L Maguire^{37

38}, Raffael Ott^{39

40}, Xenia Pawlow^{39

40}, Lea Sirignano⁴¹, Lea Zillich⁴¹, Anni Malmberg⁴², Sebastian Rauschert⁴³, Phillip Melton^{44

45}, Tong Gong⁴⁶, Robert Karlsson⁴⁶, Ruby Fore⁴⁷, Wei Perng⁴⁸, Zachary M Laubach⁴⁹, Darina Czamara⁵⁰, Gemma Sharp^{6

7

51}, Carrie V Breton⁹, Enrique Schisterman⁵², Edwina Yeung⁵³, Sunni L Mumford^{52

53}, M Daniele Fallin¹³, Janine M LaSalle¹⁴, Rebecca J Schmidt⁵⁴, Kelly M Bakulski¹², Isabella Annesi-Maesano¹⁷, Barbara Heude⁵⁵, Tim S Nawrot¹⁸, Michelle Plusquin¹⁸, Akram Ghantous⁵⁶, Zdenko Herceg⁵⁶, Lorenza Nisticò⁵⁷, Marina Vafeiadi⁵⁸, Manolis Kogevinas^{59

60}, Marja Vääräsmäki^{20

21}, Eero Kajantie^{21

61

62}, Harold Snieder²², Eva Corpeleijn²², Regine P M Steegers-Theunissen²³, Ivana V Yang^{24

63

64}, Dana Dabelea^{24

25

65}, Serena Fossati^{27

28

29}, Ana C Zenclussen³⁰, Gunda Herberth³⁰, Maria Magnus³², Siri E Håberg³², Stephanie J London³¹, Monica Cheng Munthe-Kaas^{66

67}, Susan K Murphy³⁸, Cathrine Hoyo^{34

37}, Anette-G Ziegler^{39

40

68}, Sandra Hummel^{39

40

68}, Stephanie H Witt^{41

69}, Fabian Streit⁴¹, Josef Frank⁴¹, Katri Räikkönen⁴², Jari Lahti⁴², Rae-Chi Huang^{43

70}, Catarina Almqvist^{46

71}, Marie-France Hivert^{47

72}, Vincent W V Jaddoe^{2

3}, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin^{4

73

74}, Marko Kantomaa⁴, Janine F Felix^{2

3}, Sylvain Sebert⁴

Affiliations

¹ Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland. Priyanka.Choudhary@oulu.fi.
² The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
³ Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁴ Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
⁵ Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
⁶ Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
⁷ Bristol Medical School Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
⁸ Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
⁹ Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
¹⁰ Glotech, Inc., Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
¹¹ Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
¹² Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
¹³ Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Medical Micriobiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
¹⁵ Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases (EPAR) team, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, Institute Pierre Louis d'Epidemiologie et Sante Publique (IPLESP), Sorbonne Université and INSERM, Paris, France.
¹⁶ Paris-Saclay University, Paris-South University, UVSQ, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, Villejuif, France.
¹⁷ Institute Desbrest of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Montpellier and INSERM, Montpellier, France.
¹⁸ Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
¹⁹ Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Torino, Italy.
²⁰ Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
²¹ Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Public Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland.
²² Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
²³ Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
²⁴ Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
²⁵ Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
²⁶ Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
²⁷ ISGlobal (Barcelona Institute for Global Health), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
²⁸ Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
²⁹ CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
³⁰ Department for Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
³¹ Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
³² Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
³³ Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Section for Research Support, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
³⁴ Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
³⁵ Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
³⁶ Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
³⁷ Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
³⁸ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.
³⁹ Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.
⁴⁰ Forschergruppe Diabetes eV, Neuherberg, Germany.
⁴¹ Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
⁴² Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁴³ Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.
⁴⁴ Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
⁴⁵ University of Western Australia, School of Population and Global Health, Perth, WA, Australia.
⁴⁶ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁴⁷ Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
⁴⁸ Department of Epidemiology and the Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
⁴⁹ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
⁵⁰ Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2+10, 80804, Munich, Germany.
⁵¹ School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
⁵² Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
⁵³ Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA.
⁵⁴ Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Davis, CA, USA.
⁵⁵ Université de Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), F-75004, Paris, France.
⁵⁶ Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
⁵⁷ Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy.
⁵⁸ Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
⁵⁹ Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.
⁶⁰ Centro de Investigación Biomédicaen Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
⁶¹ Clinical Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
⁶² Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
⁶³ Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
⁶⁴ Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.
⁶⁵ Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
⁶⁶ Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
⁶⁷ Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
⁶⁸ Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Forschergruppe Diabetes at Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
⁶⁹ Center for Innovative Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Research, Biobank, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
⁷⁰ Edith Cowan University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
⁷¹ Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit at Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷² Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
⁷³ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁷⁴ Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 38052982
PMCID: PMC11116099
DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02331-5

Meta-Analysis

Maternal educational attainment in pregnancy and epigenome-wide DNA methylation changes in the offspring from birth until adolescence

Priyanka Choudhary et al. Mol Psychiatry. 2024 Feb.

. 2024 Feb;29(2):348-358.

doi: 10.1038/s41380-023-02331-5. Epub 2023 Dec 5.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland. Priyanka.Choudhary@oulu.fi.
² The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
³ Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
⁴ Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
⁵ Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
⁶ Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
⁷ Bristol Medical School Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
⁸ Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
⁹ Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
¹⁰ Glotech, Inc., Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
¹¹ Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
¹² Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
¹³ Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Medical Micriobiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
¹⁵ Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases (EPAR) team, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, Institute Pierre Louis d'Epidemiologie et Sante Publique (IPLESP), Sorbonne Université and INSERM, Paris, France.
¹⁶ Paris-Saclay University, Paris-South University, UVSQ, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, Villejuif, France.
¹⁷ Institute Desbrest of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Montpellier and INSERM, Montpellier, France.
¹⁸ Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
¹⁹ Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Torino, Italy.
²⁰ Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
²¹ Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Public Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland.
²² Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
²³ Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
²⁴ Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
²⁵ Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
²⁶ Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
²⁷ ISGlobal (Barcelona Institute for Global Health), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
²⁸ Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
²⁹ CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
³⁰ Department for Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
³¹ Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
³² Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
³³ Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Section for Research Support, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
³⁴ Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
³⁵ Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
³⁶ Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
³⁷ Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
³⁸ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.
³⁹ Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.
⁴⁰ Forschergruppe Diabetes eV, Neuherberg, Germany.
⁴¹ Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
⁴² Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁴³ Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.
⁴⁴ Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
⁴⁵ University of Western Australia, School of Population and Global Health, Perth, WA, Australia.
⁴⁶ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁴⁷ Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
⁴⁸ Department of Epidemiology and the Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
⁴⁹ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
⁵⁰ Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2+10, 80804, Munich, Germany.
⁵¹ School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
⁵² Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
⁵³ Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA.
⁵⁴ Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis (UC Davis), Davis, CA, USA.
⁵⁵ Université de Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), F-75004, Paris, France.
⁵⁶ Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
⁵⁷ Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy.
⁵⁸ Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
⁵⁹ Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.
⁶⁰ Centro de Investigación Biomédicaen Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
⁶¹ Clinical Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
⁶² Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
⁶³ Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
⁶⁴ Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.
⁶⁵ Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
⁶⁶ Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
⁶⁷ Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
⁶⁸ Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Forschergruppe Diabetes at Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
⁶⁹ Center for Innovative Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Research, Biobank, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
⁷⁰ Edith Cowan University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
⁷¹ Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit at Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷² Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
⁷³ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁷⁴ Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 38052982
PMCID: PMC11116099
DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02331-5

Abstract

Maternal educational attainment (MEA) shapes offspring health through multiple potential pathways. Differential DNA methylation may provide a mechanistic understanding of these long-term associations. We aimed to quantify the associations of MEA with offspring DNA methylation levels at birth, in childhood and in adolescence. Using 37 studies from high-income countries, we performed meta-analysis of epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) to quantify the associations of completed years of MEA at the time of pregnancy with offspring DNA methylation levels at birth (n = 9 881), in childhood (n = 2 017), and adolescence (n = 2 740), adjusting for relevant covariates. MEA was found to be associated with DNA methylation at 473 cytosine-phosphate-guanine sites at birth, one in childhood, and four in adolescence. We observed enrichment for findings from previous EWAS on maternal folate, vitamin-B₁₂ concentrations, maternal smoking, and pre-pregnancy BMI. The associations were directionally consistent with MEA being inversely associated with behaviours including smoking and BMI. Our findings form a bridge between socio-economic factors and biology and highlight potential pathways underlying effects of maternal education. The results broaden our understanding of bio-social associations linked to differential DNA methylation in multiple early stages of life. The data generated also offers an important resource to help a more precise understanding of the social determinants of health.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

**Fig. 1. Conceptual framework showing association analysed in this study between maternal education attainment (MEA) in pregnancy and DNA methylation denoted by black arrow.**
Gray dotted arrows denote plausible measures that may be linked with MEA and DNA methylation.

**Fig. 2. Manhattan plots of the maternal education attainment EWAS model 1 in the offspring at three time points.**
The x axis is the chromosomal position, and the y axis is the P-value on a -log₁₀ scale. The blue line corresponds to the first CpG site for which P_FDR < 0.05 and red line indicates suggestive significance P = 1 × 10⁻⁷. The Manhattan plot of the fully adjusted models are presented in Supplementary Fig. 2.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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Maternal educational attainment in pregnancy and epigenome-wide DNA methylation changes in the offspring from birth until adolescence

Affiliations

Maternal educational attainment in pregnancy and epigenome-wide DNA methylation changes in the offspring from birth until adolescence

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources