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. 2023 Nov 15;9(11):e21573.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21573. eCollection 2023 Nov.

Hydrological and climate impacts on river characteristics of pahang river basin, Malaysia

Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin  1   2 , Mohd Ekhwan Toriman  3 , Noorjima Abd Wahab  1 , Mohd Armi Abu Samah  4 , Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud  5 , Firdaus Mohamad Hamzah  6 , Ahmad Shakir Mohd Saudi  7 , Sunardi Sunardi  8
Affiliations

Hydrological and climate impacts on river characteristics of pahang river basin, Malaysia

Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin et al. Heliyon. .

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Abstract

The climate, geomorphological changes, and hydrological elements that have occurred have all influenced future flood episodes by increasing the likelihood and intensity of extreme weather occurrences like extreme precipitation events. River bank erosion is a natural geomorphic process that occurs in all channels. As modifications of sizes and channel shapes are made to transport the discharge, sediment abounds from the stream catchment, and floods are triggered dramatically. The aim of this study is to analyze the flood-sensitive regions along the Pahang River Basin and determine how climate and river changes would have an impact on flooding based on hydrometeorological data and information on river characteristics. The study is divided into three stages, namely the upstream, middle stream, and downstream of the Pahang River. The main primary hydrometeorological data and river characteristics, such as Sinuosity Index, Dominant Slope Range and Entrenchment Ratio collected as important inputs in the statistical analysis process. The statistical analyses, namely HACA, PCA, and Linear Regression applied in river classification. The result showed that the middle stream and downstream areas demonstrated the worst flooding affected by anthropogenic and hydrological factors. Rainfall distribution is one of the factors that contributed to the flood disaster. There are strong correlations between the Sinuosity Index (SI) and water level, which indicates that changes occurred at both planform and stream classification. The best management practices towards sustainability are based on the application of the outcomes that have been obtained after the analysis of Pahang River planform changes, Pahang River geometry, and the local rainfall pattern in the Pahang River Basin.

Keywords: Climate changes; Dominant slope range; Entrenchment ratio; Flooding; Hydrometeorological; Pahang river basin; River characteristic; Sinuosity index.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin reports financial support was provided by Sultan Zainal Abidin University and National University of Malaysia. Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin reports a relationship with Sultan Zainal Abidin University that includes: employment and funding grants. Co-author is an employee from the organisation that provides the funding and research collaboration - M.E.T, N.A.W, M.A.A.S, K.N.A.M, F.M.H, A.S.M.S and S.S.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Monsoon flood phenomenon areas in Malaysia (Source from NASA, 2004 [19]).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The significant changes in river plan along Pahang River Basin since 1926 (Sources from Teh, 1992 [34]).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
The study areas and specific for the study location with plot and subplot in main river and streams along Pahang River Basin.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Sinuosity Index (SI) calculation for river sinuosity (Source from Nimnate et al., 2017 [61]).
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
The classification of Dominant Slope Range (Source from Rosgen, 1996 [59]).
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
The illustration of Entrenchment Ratio and Width to Depth Ratio (Source from Endreny, 2013 [66]).
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
The calculation method of Entrenchment Ratio in the study areas. (Source from Endreny, 2013 [66]).
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
The calculation method of Entrenchment Ratio in the study areas.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
The subplots phases in Pahang River Basin (upstream, middle stream and downstream.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Trends of Sinuosity Index (SI) from 1932 until 2010 at Pahang River Basin mainstream.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
(a). Trends of Sinuosity Index (SI) from 1932 until 2010 at Pahang River Upstream (b). Trends and comparison of Sinuosity Index (SI) between 1932 and 1993 at Pahang River Upstream (c). Trends and comparison of Sinuosity Index (SI) between 2003 and 2010 at Pahang River Upstream (d). Trends and comparison of Sinuosity Index (SI) between 2010 and 2015 at Pahang River Upstream.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12
a). Trends of Sinuosity Index (SI) from 1932 until 2010 at Pahang River Middle Stream (b). Trends and comparison of Sinuosity Index (SI) between 1932 and 1993 at Pahang River Middle stream (c). Trends and comparison of Sinuosity Index (SI) between 2003 and 2010 at Pahang River Middle Stream (d). Trends and comparison of Sinuosity Index (SI) between 2010 and 2015 at Pahang River Middle stream.
Fig. 13
Fig. 13
(a). Trends of Sinuosity Index (SI) from 1932 until 2010 at Pahang River Downstream (b). Trends and comparison of Sinuosity Index (SI) between 1932 and 1993 at Pahang River Downstream (c). Trends and comparison of Sinuosity Index (SI) between 2003 and 2010 at Pahang River Downstream (d). Trends and comparison of Sinuosity Index (SI) between 2010 and 2015 at Pahang River Downstream.
Fig. 14
Fig. 14
Relationship between Sinuosity index changes and river stage and correlation Sinuosity index-water level.
Fig. 15
Fig. 15
(a) and (b) HACA classification model was carried out to verify the class classification using DA analysis method.
Fig. 16a
Fig. 16a
Bathymetric display analysis of Kuala Lipis (i) contour 2015 (ii) contour 2013 (iii) 3D 2015 (iv) 3D 2013 (data obtained from river measurement fieldwork activities that have been carried out for the main flow of the Pahang River using BioSonic DT-X Echo-Sounder tools, and these primary data are analysed based on the SURFER software (for the location of the Pahang River (Bandar Kuala Lipis Station)).
Fig. 16b
Fig. 16b
Bathymetric display analysis of JPS Tembeling (i) contuor 2015 (ii) contuor 2013 (iii) 3D 2015 (iv) 3D 2013 (data obtained from river measurement fieldwork activities that have been carried out for the main flow of the Pahang River using BioSonic DT-X Echo-Sounder tools, and these primary data are analysed based on the SURFER software (for the location of the Pahang River (JPS Tembeling Station)).
Fig. 16c
Fig. 16c
Bathymetric display analysis of Kuala Tahan (i) contour 2015 (ii) contour 2013 (iii) 3D 2015 (iv) 3D 2013 (data obtained from river measurement fieldwork activities that have been carried out for the main flow of the Pahang River using BioSonic DT-X Echo-Sounder tools, and these primary data are analysed based on the SURFER software (for the location of the Pahang River (Kuala Tahan Station)).
Fig. 17
Fig. 17
Bathymetric display analysis of Temerloh (i) contour 2015 (ii) contour 2013 (iii) 3D 2015 (iv) 3D 2013 (data obtained from river measurement fieldwork activities that have been carried out for the main flow of the Pahang River using BioSonic DT-X Echo-Sounder tools, and these primary data are analysed based on the SURFER software (for the location of the Pahang River (Temerloh Station)).
Fig. 18
Fig. 18
Bathymetric display analysis of Jambatan Pekan (i) contuor 2015 (ii) contuor 2013 (iii) 3D 2015 (iv) 3D 2013 (data obtained from river measurement fieldwork activities that have been carried out for the main flow of the Pahang River using BioSonic DT-X Echo-Sounder tools, and these primary data are analysed based on the SURFER software (for the location of the Pahang River (Jambatan Pekan Station)).
Fig. 19
Fig. 19
(a), (b) and (c) The distribution of rainfall intensity of Yap River, Temerloh and Lubuk Paku from 1980 until 2012 (Source from Department of Drainage and Irrigation (DID), (2014) [109]).
Fig. 20
Fig. 20
(a) and (b) Annual maximum rainfall in 45 years and percentage of stations (Source from Department of Drainage and Irrigation (DID), (2014) [109]).
Fig. 21
Fig. 21
Rainfall intensity of November 2014, December 2014 and January 2015. (Source from Department of Drainage and Irrigation (DID), (2014) [109]).
Fig. 22a
Fig. 22a
Relationship between Sinuosity Index (SI) changes and river stage in the study areas.
Fig. 22b
Fig. 22b
Correlation Sinuosity Index (SI) and water level in the study areas.
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