Nanoparticle-based applications by atmospheric pressure matrix assisted desorption/ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract

Recently, the development of atmospheric pressure matrix assisted desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (AP MALDI MS) has made contributions not only to biomolecule analysis but also to spatial distribution. This has positioned AP MALDI as a powerful tool in multiple domains, thanks to its comprehensive advantages compared to conventional MALDI MS. These developments have addressed challenges associated with previous AP MALDI analysis systems, such as optimization of apparatus settings, synthesis of novel matrices, preconcentration and isolation strategies before analysis. Herein, applications in different fields using AP MALDI MS were described, including peptide and protein analysis, metabolite analysis, pharmaceutical analysis, and mass spectrometry imaging.

Scheme 1. An overview of applications based on atmospheric pressure matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.

Fig. 1. A scheme of the atmospheric pressure MALDI ion source interfaced with an LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2002 Elsevier B.V.

Fig. 2. A schematic illustration of AP MALDI MS for peptide and protein detection. (a) A schematic diagram of the home-made AP MALDI source. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2007 Elsevier Inc. (b) The workflow of the AP-MALDI based method for species-level detection of B. Thuringiensis spores. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. (c) A schematic diagram of the AP-MALDI source. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2003 John Wiley and Sons. (d) The workflow of modified AP MALDI to detect peptide ions. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. (e) A scheme of the procedure applied for in situ tryptic digestion and AP/MALDI-MS characterization. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2006 John Wiley and Sons. (f) Surface roughness images determined by 3D-confocal-white-light microscopy of different target surfaces. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2011 Elsevier B.V. (g) The structure of MALDI mass spectrometry using liquid UV-MALDI matrices and a heated ion-transfer tube. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2013 WILEY-VCH. (h) A schematic of the AP-MALDI ion source and modified AP-to-vacuum interface used for the production of multiply protonated molecules. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.

Fig. 3. A schematic illustration of AP MALDI MS for metabolite identification. (a) The workflow for goat and sheep milk identification using liquid AP MALDI MS. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2020 Licensee MDPI. (b) The scheme for AP MALDI MS of the non-invasive characterization of carbonaceous ink from Renaissance documents. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2017 Springer Nature. (c) The scheme for liquid AP MALDI MS towards ultrahigh-throughput analysis. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. (d) The scheme of mastitis diagnosis using milk by liquid AP MALDI MS. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. (e) The representation of field-free transmission geometry AP MALDI source design. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2010 American Chemical Society. (f) The schematic diagram of the inline pneumatically assisted (PA) AP MALDI ion source mounted on a quadrupole ion trap (QiT) mass spectrometer. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2010 John Wiley and Sons. (g) Representation of AgNPs as preconcentrating probes and the matrix for the SALDI TOF MS analysis of biothiols. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2008 John Wiley and Sons. (h) A schematic illustration of the attachment of the peptide mixture (PM) on the surface of SiO₂ nanoparticles. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2008 John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 4. A schematic illustration of AP MALDI MS for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications. (a) The workflow of direct tissue MSI by AP UV MALDI MS with a low-temperature plasma (LTP) for postionization. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. (b) A scheme for visualizing and profiling lipids in mouse brains using AP MALDI MSI. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. (c) A scheme of metabolic study of an aristolochic acid I-exposed mice liver by AP MALDI MSI and machine learning. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. (d) A scheme of the second-generation transmission mode (TM) AP MALDI imaging platform with in-line plasma postionization using commercially available soft ionization by chemical reaction in transfer (SICRIT) device. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. (e) The workflow of spatially revealing perfluorooctane sulfonate-induced nephrotoxicity in mouse kidneys using AP MALDI MSI. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. (f) The workflow of drug imaging and lipid analysis with AP-SMALDI MSI in F. hepatica. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2022 Springer Nature. (g) The workflow of 3D-surface MALDI MSI for visualizing plant defensive cardiac glycosides in Asclepias curassavica. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2021 Springer Nature. (h) The workflow of spatial distribution of endogenous molecules in coffee beans by AP MALDI MSI. Reprinted with permission from ref. , Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society.

Yihan Wang

Shunxiang Li

Kun Qian