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. 2023 Nov 22;28(23):7722.
doi: 10.3390/molecules28237722.

Preparation and Property Characterization of Sm2EuSbO7/ZnBiSbO5 Heterojunction Photocatalyst for Photodegradation of Parathion Methyl under Visible Light Irradiation

Jingfei Luan  1   2 , Liang Hao  1 , Ye Yao  1 , Yichun Wang  1 , Guangmin Yang  1 , Jun Li  1
Affiliations

Preparation and Property Characterization of Sm2EuSbO7/ZnBiSbO5 Heterojunction Photocatalyst for Photodegradation of Parathion Methyl under Visible Light Irradiation

Jingfei Luan et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

An unprecedented photocatalyst, Sm2EuSbO7, was successfully fabricated in this paper, through a high-temperature solid-state calcination method, which represented its first ever synthesis. Additionally, using the solvothermal method, the Sm2EuSbO7/ZnBiSbO5 heterojunction photocatalyst (SZHP) was fabricated, marking its debut in this study. XRD analysis confirmed that both Sm2EuSbO7 and ZnBiSbO5 exhibited pyrochlore-type crystal structures with a cubic lattice, belonging to the Fd3m space group. The crystal cell parameter was determined to be 10.5682 Å or 10.2943 Å for Sm2EuSbO7 or ZnBiSbO5, respectively. The band gap width measured for Sm2EuSbO7 or ZnBiSbO5 was 2.73 eV or 2.61 eV, respectively. Under visible light irradiation for 150 min (VLTI-150 min), SZHP exhibited remarkable photocatalytic activity, achieving 100% removal of parathion methyl (PM) concentration and 99.45% removal of total organic carbon (TOC) concentration. The kinetic constant (k) for PM degradation and visible light illumination treatment was determined to be 0.0206 min-1, with a similar constant k of 0.0202 min-1 observed for TOC degradation. Remarkably, SZHP exhibited superior PM removal rates compared with Sm2EuSbO7, ZnBiSbO5, or N-doped TiO2 photocatalyst, accompanied by removal rates 1.09 times, 1.20 times, or 2.38 times higher, respectively. Furthermore, the study investigated the oxidizing capability of free radicals through the use of trapping agents. The results showed that hydroxyl radicals had the strongest oxidative capability, followed by superoxide anions and holes. These findings provide a solid scientific foundation for future research and development of efficient heterojunction compound catalysts.

Keywords: Sm2EuSbO7; Sm2EuSbO7/ZnBiSbO5 heterojunction photocatalyst; degradation mechanism; degradation pathway; parathion methyl; photocatalytic activity; visible light irradiation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
XRD spectra of as-fabricated specimen: (a) SZHP, (b) ZnBiSbO5, (c) Sm2EuSbO7.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) XRD patterns and Rietveld refinement and (b) The atomic structure (Red atom: O, purple atom: Eu or Sb, green atom: Sm) of Sm2EuSbO7.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) XRD patterns and Rietveld refinement and (b) the atomic structure (Red atom: O, green atom: Zn, purple atom: Bi or Sb) of ZnBiSbO5.
Figure 4
Figure 4
FTIR spectra of Sm2EuSbO7, ZnBiSbO5, and SZHP.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Raman spectra of (a) SZHP, (b) Sm2EuSbO7, and (c) ZnBiSbO5.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) The UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra and (b) correlative diagram of (αhν) 1/2 and hν of the synthesized SZHP, Sm2EuSbO7, and ZnBiSbO5.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The XPS full spectrum of the synthesized SZHP, Sm2EuSbO7, and ZnBiSbO5.
Figure 8
Figure 8
The corresponding XPS spectra of (a) Sm 3d, (b) Eu 4d, (c) Sb 4d, (d) Zn 2p, (e) Bi 4f, and (f) O 1s of SZHP, Sm2EuSbO7, and ZnBiSbO5.
Figure 8
Figure 8
The corresponding XPS spectra of (a) Sm 3d, (b) Eu 4d, (c) Sb 4d, (d) Zn 2p, (e) Bi 4f, and (f) O 1s of SZHP, Sm2EuSbO7, and ZnBiSbO5.
Figure 9
Figure 9
TEM image of SZHP.
Figure 10
Figure 10
EDS element mapping of SZHP (Sm, Eu, Sb, and O from Sm2EuSbO7 and Zn, Bi, Sb, and O from ZnBiSbO5).
Figure 11
Figure 11
The EDS spectrum of SZHP.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Saturation variation profiles of (a) PM and (b) TOC during the photodegradation of PM with SZHP, Sm2EuSbO7, ZnBiSbO5, or N-TO as the photocatalyst under VLTI.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Concentration variation curves of (a) PM and (b) TOC during the photodegradation of PM in pesticide wastewater with SZHP as photocatalyst under VLTI for four cycle degradation tests (red line: first cycle, blue line: second cycle, green line: third cycle, purple line: fourth cycle).
Figure 14
Figure 14
Identified first-order kinetic charts for (a) PM and (b) TOC during the photodegradation of PM with SZHP, Sm2EuSbO7, ZnBiSbO5, or N-TO as the photocatalyst under VLTI.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Identified first-order kinetic charts for (a) PM and (b) TOC during the photodegradation of PM with SZHP in the function of a photocatalytic material under VLTI for degradation evaluations spanning four cycles (red line: first cycle, blue line: second cycle, green line: third cycle, purple line: fourth cycle).
Figure 16
Figure 16
The XRD pattern of the sustained recyclable performance of PDD of PM with SZHP in the function of a photocatalytic material.
Figure 17
Figure 17
The XPS spectrum of the sustained recyclable performance of PDD of PM with SZHP in the function of a photocatalytic material.
Figure 18
Figure 18
The implication of various radical interceptors on (a) PM concentration and (b) elimination efficiency of PM with SZHP in the function of a photocatalytic material under VLTI.
Figure 19
Figure 19
Saturation variation profiles of (a) ISB and (b) TOC during the photodegradation of ISB with SZHP, Sm2EuSbO7, ZnBiSbO5, or N-TO as the photocatalyst under VLTI.
Figure 20
Figure 20
Identified first-order kinetics charts for (a) ISB and (b) TOC during the photodegradation of ISB with SZHP, Sm2EuSbO7, ZnBiSbO5, or N-TO as the photocatalyst under VLTI.
Figure 21
Figure 21
PL spectrum of SZHP, Sm2EuSbO7, and ZnBiSbO5.
Figure 22
Figure 22
Nyquist impedance plots of SZHP, Sm2EuSbO7, and ZnBiSbO5.
Figure 23
Figure 23
Ultraviolet photoelectron spectrum (UPS) of (a) Sm2EuSbO7 and (b) ZnBiSbO5.
Figure 24
Figure 24
Possible photodegradation mechanism of PM with SZHP as photocatalyst under VLTI.
Figure 25
Figure 25
Proposed PDD pathway diagram for PM with SZHP in the function of a photocatalytic material under VLTI.
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