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Review
. 2023 Dec 3;28(23):7916.
doi: 10.3390/molecules28237916.

Recent Advances on Electrochemical Sensors for Detection of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs)

Chinchu Gibi  1 , Cheng-Hua Liu  1 , Sambandam Anandan  2 , Jerry J Wu  1
Affiliations
Review

Recent Advances on Electrochemical Sensors for Detection of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs)

Chinchu Gibi et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs), a new category of contaminants currently in the limelight, are a major issue of global concern. The pervasive nature of CECs and their harmful effects, such as cancer, reproductive disorders, neurotoxicity, etc., make the situation alarming. The perilous nature of CECs lies in the fact that even very small concentrations of CECs can cause great impacts on living beings. They also have a nature of bioaccumulation. Thus, there is a great need to have efficient sensors for the detection of CECs to ensure a safe living environment. Electrochemical sensors are an efficient platform for CEC detection as they are highly selective, sensitive, stable, reproducible, and prompt, and can detect very low concentrations of the analyte. Major classes of CECs are pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, personal care products, endocrine disruptors, newly registered pesticides, and disinfection by-products. This review focusses on CECs, including their sources and pathways, health effects caused by them, and electrochemical sensors as reported in the literature under each category for the detection of major CECs.

Keywords: Contaminants of Emerging Concern; electrochemical sensors.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Scheme of fabrication (A) EGr-Co1.2Fe1.8O4/SPCE, (D) BaWO4/f-CB/SPCE; Comparison of CVs of different electrodes (indicated by different colors) for detection of (B) DIC, (E) PMHC; (C) DPV of EGr-Co1.2Fe1.8O4/SPCE for detection of DIC at different concentrations (indicated by different colors); (F) CV of BaWO4/f-CB/SPCE for detection of PMHC at different concentrations (indicated by different colors).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Scheme of fabrication of (A) CNH-CHI@PtNPs/GCE, (D) CoOOH/r-GO/SPCE; (B) Com parison of CVs of different electrodes (indicated by different colors) for detection of MO and MDMA; (C) DPV of CN-CHI@PtNPs/GCE at different concentrations(indicated by different colors) of MO and MDMA; (E) Comparison of DPVs of different electrodes (indicated by different colors) for detection of CNZ; (F) DPV of CoOOH/r-GO/SPCE at different concentrations (indicated by different colors) CNZ.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Scheme of fabrication of (A) N-NiCS/GCE (D) VMSF/ErGO/GCE; (B) Comparison of DPVs of different electrodes (indicated by different colors) for detection of HQ, CC, and RS; (E) CVs of different electrodes (indicated by different colors) for detection of TBHQ; (C) DPV curves of N-NiCS/GCE at different concentrations (indicated by different colors) of HQ, CC and RS; (F) VMSF/ErGO/GCE at different concentrations (indicated by different colors) of TBHQ.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Scheme of fabrication of (A) Mo2Ti2AlC3/MWCNT/GCE (D) wMC/GCE; Comparison of CVs of different electrodes ((indicated by different colors) for detection of (B) BPA, (E) 17 β-E2; (C) DPVs of Mo2Ti2AlC3/MWCNT/GCE at different concentrations (indicated by different colors) of BPA; (F) wMC/GCE at different concentrations (indicated by different colors) of 17 β-E2.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Scheme of fabrication of (A) FeCoNi-MOFs (D) Co3O4@g-C3N4NC; (B) Comparison of DPV of different electrodes of FeCoNi-MOFs for detection of IDP; (C) DPV curve of Nickel foam/Fe-rich FeCoNi-MOF at different concentrations (indicated by different colors) of IDP; (E) CVs of different electrodes (indicated by different colors) for detection of TMX; (F) Co3O4@g-C3N4/SPCE at different concentrations (indicated by different colors) of TMX.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Scheme of electrochemical detection of (A) BrO3− at Ti3C2Tx/GCE (D) TCAM at AgNPR@MoS2/GCE; Comparison of (B) CVs of different electrodes(indicated by different colors) for detection of BrO3− (E) SWVs of different electrodes(indicated by different colors) for detection of TCAM; (C) DPV of Ti3C2Tx/GCE at different concentrations(indicated by different colors) of BrO3−; (F) SWV of AgNPR@MoS2/GCE at different concentrations(indicated by different colors) of TCAM.
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