Genus Amorphophallus: A Comprehensive Overview on Phytochemistry, Ethnomedicinal Uses, and Pharmacological Activities

Abstract

The genus Amorphophallus belongs to the family Araceae. Plants belonging to this genus are available worldwide and have been used in traditional medicines since ancient times, mainly in Ayurveda and Unani medical practices. Amorphophallus species are an abundant source of polyphenolic compounds; these are accountable for their pharmacological properties, such as their analgesic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, antiobesity, and immunomodulatory effects, as well as their ability to prevent gastrointestinal disturbance and reduce blood glucose. Moreover, Amorphophallus species contain numerous other classes of chemical compounds, such as alkaloids, steroids, fats and fixed oils, tannins, proteins, and carbohydrates, each of which contributes to the pharmacological effects for the treatment of acute rheumatism, tumors, lung swelling, asthma, vomiting, abdominal pain, and so on. Additionally, Amorphophallus species have been employed in numerous herbal formulations and pharmaceutical applications. There has been no extensive review conducted on the Amorphophallus genus as of yet, despite the fact that several experimental studies are being published regularly discussing these plants' pharmacological properties. So, this review discusses in detail the pharmacological properties of Amorphophallus species. We also discuss phytochemical constituents in the Amorphophallus species and their ethnomedicinal uses and toxicological profiles.

Keywords: Amorphophallus; Araceae; ethnobotany; ethnopharmacology; phytochemistry; traditional medicine.

Figure 1

Illustration demonstrates representative icon for Genus Amorphophallus and parts of the species as potential sources of bioactive compounds.

Figure 2

Chemical constituents found in Amorphophallus species.

Figure 2

Chemical constituents found in Amorphophallus species.

Figure 2

Chemical constituents found in Amorphophallus species.

Figure 3

Illustration representing the summary of pharmacological actions of different species of Amorphophallus genus.

Figure 4

Illustration representing the pharmacological actions of genus Amorphophallus. Alkaline phosphatase = ALP, Bilirubin = BRN, Catalase = CAT, cyclooxygenase-2 = COX-2, dihydrotestosterone = DHT, Glutathione peroxidase = GPx, Glutathione = GSH, Glutathione-S-transferase = GST, Glutathione reductase = GR, Low-density lipoprotein = LDL, High-density lipoprotein = HDL, Oxidative stresses = OS, Serum oxaloacetate transaminase = SGOT, Superoxide dismutase = SOD, Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase = SGPT, Thioacetamide = TAA, Tumor necrosis factor = TNF.