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. 2023 Dec 12;12(12):CD008063.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008063.pub3.

Motivational interviewing for substance use reduction

Rosemarie Schwenker  1 , Carla Emilia Dietrich  1 , Selamawit Hirpa  1   2 , Monika Nothacker  3 , Geir Smedslund  4 , Thomas Frese  1 , Susanne Unverzagt  1
Affiliations

Motivational interviewing for substance use reduction

Rosemarie Schwenker et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Substance use is a global issue, with around 30 to 35 million individuals estimated to have a substance-use disorder. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a client-centred method that aims to strengthen a person's motivation and commitment to a specific goal by exploring their reasons for change and resolving ambivalence, in an atmosphere of acceptance and compassion. This review updates the 2011 version by Smedslund and colleagues.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of motivational interviewing for substance use on the extent of substance use, readiness to change, and retention in treatment.

Search methods: We searched 18 electronic databases, six websites, four mailing lists, and the reference lists of included studies and reviews. The last search dates were in February 2021 and November 2022.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials with individuals using drugs, alcohol, or both. Interventions were MI or motivational enhancement therapy (MET), delivered individually and face to face. Eligible control interventions were no intervention, treatment as usual, assessment and feedback, or other active intervention.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane, and assessed the certainty of evidence with GRADE. We conducted meta-analyses for the three outcomes (extent of substance use, readiness to change, retention in treatment) at four time points (post-intervention, short-, medium-, and long-term follow-up).

Main results: We included 93 studies with 22,776 participants. MI was delivered in one to nine sessions. Session durations varied, from as little as 10 minutes to as long as 148 minutes per session, across included studies. Study settings included inpatient and outpatient clinics, universities, army recruitment centres, veterans' health centres, and prisons. We judged 69 studies to be at high risk of bias in at least one domain and 24 studies to be at low or unclear risk. Comparing MI to no intervention revealed a small to moderate effect of MI in substance use post-intervention (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07 to 0.89; I2 = 75%; 6 studies, 471 participants; low-certainty evidence). The effect was weaker at short-term follow-up (SMD 0.20, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.28; 19 studies, 3351 participants; very low-certainty evidence). This comparison revealed a difference in favour of MI at medium-term follow-up (SMD 0.12, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.20; 16 studies, 3137 participants; low-certainty evidence) and no difference at long-term follow-up (SMD 0.12, 95% CI -0.00 to 0.25; 9 studies, 1525 participants; very low-certainty evidence). There was no difference in readiness to change (SMD 0.05, 95% CI -0.11 to 0.22; 5 studies, 1495 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Retention in treatment was slightly higher with MI (SMD 0.26, 95% CI -0.00 to 0.52; 2 studies, 427 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Comparing MI to treatment as usual revealed a very small negative effect in substance use post-intervention (SMD -0.14, 95% CI -0.27 to -0.02; 5 studies, 976 participants; very low-certainty evidence). There was no difference at short-term follow-up (SMD 0.07, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.17; 14 studies, 3066 participants), a very small benefit of MI at medium-term follow-up (SMD 0.12, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.22; 9 studies, 1624 participants), and no difference at long-term follow-up (SMD 0.06, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.17; 8 studies, 1449 participants), all with low-certainty evidence. There was no difference in readiness to change (SMD 0.06, 95% CI -0.27 to 0.39; 2 studies, 150 participants) and retention in treatment (SMD -0.09, 95% CI -0.34 to 0.16; 5 studies, 1295 participants), both with very low-certainty evidence. Comparing MI to assessment and feedback revealed no difference in substance use at short-term follow-up (SMD 0.09, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.23; 7 studies, 854 participants; low-certainty evidence). A small benefit for MI was shown at medium-term (SMD 0.24, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.40; 6 studies, 688 participants) and long-term follow-up (SMD 0.24, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.41; 3 studies, 448 participants), both with moderate-certainty evidence. None of the studies in this comparison measured substance use at the post-intervention time point, readiness to change, and retention in treatment. Comparing MI to another active intervention revealed no difference in substance use at any follow-up time point, all with low-certainty evidence: post-intervention (SMD 0.07, 95% CI -0.15 to 0.29; 3 studies, 338 participants); short-term (SMD 0.05, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.13; 18 studies, 2795 participants); medium-term (SMD 0.08, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.17; 15 studies, 2352 participants); and long-term follow-up (SMD 0.03, 95% CI -0.07 to 0.13; 10 studies, 1908 participants). There was no difference in readiness to change (SMD 0.15, 95% CI -0.00 to 0.30; 5 studies, 988 participants; low-certainty evidence) and retention in treatment (SMD -0.04, 95% CI -0.23 to 0.14; 12 studies, 1945 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). We downgraded the certainty of evidence due to inconsistency, study limitations, publication bias, and imprecision.

Authors' conclusions: Motivational interviewing may reduce substance use compared with no intervention up to a short follow-up period. MI probably reduces substance use slightly compared with assessment and feedback over medium- and long-term periods. MI may make little to no difference to substance use compared to treatment as usual and another active intervention. It is unclear if MI has an effect on readiness to change and retention in treatment. The studies included in this review were heterogeneous in many respects, including the characteristics of participants, substance(s) used, and interventions. Given the widespread use of MI and the many studies examining MI, it is very important that counsellors adhere to and report quality conditions so that only studies in which the intervention implemented was actually MI are included in evidence syntheses and systematic reviews. Overall, we have moderate to no confidence in the evidence, which forces us to be careful about our conclusions. Consequently, future studies are likely to change the findings and conclusions of this review.

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Conflict of interest statement

Rosemarie Schwenker: no conflict of interest known.

Carla Emilia Dietrich: no conflict of interest known.

Selamawit Hirpa: no conflict of interest known.

Monika Nothacker: no conflict of interest known.

Geir Smedslund: no conflict of interest known.

Thomas Frese: no conflict of interest known.

Susanne Unverzagt: no conflict of interest known.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA flow chart
2
2
Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison 1: MI versus no intervention, outcome: extent of substance use.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison 2: MI versus treatment as usual, outcome: extent of substance use.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison 3: MI versus assessment and feedback, outcome: extent of substance use.
7
7
Funnel plot of comparison 4: MI versus other active intervention, outcome: extent of substance use.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Motivational interviewing versus no intervention, Outcome 1: Extent of substance use
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Motivational interviewing versus no intervention, Outcome 2: Readiness to change
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Motivational interviewing versus no intervention, Outcome 3: Retention in treatment
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Motivational interviewing versus treatment as usual, Outcome 1: Extent of substance use
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Motivational interviewing versus treatment as usual, Outcome 2: Readiness to change
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Motivational interviewing versus treatment as usual, Outcome 3: Retention in treatment
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Motivational interviewing versus assessment and feedback, Outcome 1: Extent of substance use
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Motivational interviewing versus other active intervention, Outcome 1: Extent of substance use
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Motivational interviewing versus other active intervention, Outcome 2: Readiness to change
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: Motivational interviewing versus other active intervention, Outcome 3: Retention in treatment
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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Bien 1993 {published data only}
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Borsari 2005 {published data only}
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Borsari 2012 {published and unpublished data}
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Brown 2010 {published data only}
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Brown 2015 {published and unpublished data}
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Carey 2006 {published data only}
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Carey 2011 {published data only}
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Carroll 2006a {published data only}
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Carroll 2006b {published data only}
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Carroll 2009 {published data only}
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Chanut 2007 {published data only}
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Colby 2018 {published data only}
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Connors 2002 {published data only}
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Copeland 2001 {published data only}
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D'Amico 2008 {published data only}
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D'Amico 2018 {published data only}
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De Gee 2014 {published and unpublished data}
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Dermen 2011 {published and unpublished data}
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Dieperink 2014 {published data only}
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Emmen 2005 {published data only}
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Feldstein 2007 {published data only}
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Feldstein Ewing 2021 {published data only}
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Field 2010 {published data only}
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Field 2020 {published data only}
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Freyer‐Adam 2008 {published data only}
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Gaume 2014 {published and unpublished data}
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Kadden 2007 {published data only}
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Kahler 2004 {published data only}
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Kavanagh 2004 {published data only}
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Kay‐Lambkin 2009 {published data only}
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Maisto 2001 {published data only}
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Marijuana Treatment Project 2004 {published data only}
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Marín‐Navarrete 2017 {published data only}
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Marsden 2006 {published data only}
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Martin 2008 {published data only}
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Martino 2006 {published data only}
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Martino 2018 {published data only}
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Mastroleo 2010 {published data only}
    1. Mastroleo NR, Turrisi R, Carney JV, Ray AE, Larimer ME. Examination of post training supervision of peer counsellors in a motivational enhancement intervention to reduce drinking in a sample of heavy-drinking college students. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2010;39:289-97. - PMC - PubMed
MATCH 1993 {published data only}
    1. Bauer LO, Covault J, Harel O, Das S, Gelernter J, Anton R, et al. Variation in GABRA2 predicts drinking behavior in project MATCH subjects. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 2007;31(11):1780-7. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Carroll KM, Connors GJ, Cooney NL, DiClemente CC, Donovan DM, Kadden RR, et al. Internal validity of Project MATCH treatments: discriminability and integrity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1998;66(2):290-303. - PubMed
    1. Davis JP, Bergman BG, Smith DC, Kelly JF. Testing a matching hypothesis for emerging adults in project MATCH: during-treatment and one-year outcomes. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2017;78(1):140-5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kuhlemeier A, Desai Y, Tonigan A, Witkiewitz K, Jaki T, Hsiao Y, et al. Applying methods for personalized medicine to the treatment of alcohol use disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2021;89(4):288-300. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Longabaugh R, Wirtz PW, Zweben A, Stout RL. Network support for drinking, Alcoholics Anonymous and long-term matching effects. Addiction 1998;93(9):1313-33. - PubMed
McCambridge 2008 {published data only}
    1. McCambridge J, Day M, Thomas BA, Strang J. Fidelity to Motivational Interviewing and subsequent cannabis cessation among adolescents. Addictive Behaviors 2011;36(7):749-54. - PubMed
    1. McCambridge J, Slym RL, Strang J. Randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing compared with drug information and advice for early intervention among young cannabis users. Addiction 2008;103(11):1809-18. - PubMed
McDevitt‐Murphy 2014 {published data only}
    1. McDevitt-Murphy ME, Murphy JG, Williams JL, Monahan CJ, Bracken-Minor KL, Fields JA. Randomized controlled trial of two brief alcohol interventions for OEF/OIF veterans. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2014;82(4):562-8. - PMC - PubMed
Mertens 2014 {published data only}
    1. Mertens JR, Ward CL, Bresick GF, Broder T, Weisner CM. Effectiveness of nurse-practitioner-delivered brief motivational intervention for young adult alcohol and drug use in primary care in South Africa: a randomized clinical trial. Alcohol and alcoholism 2014;49(4):430-8. - PMC - PubMed
Miller 2003 {published data only}
    1. Miller WR, Yahne CE, Tonigan JS. Motivational interviewing in drug abuse services: a randomised trial. Journal of Consulting andClinical Psychology 2003;71(4):754-63. - PubMed
Monti 2016 {published data only}
    1. Celio MA, Mastroleo NR, Barnett NP, Colby SM, Kahler CW, Operario D, Monti PM. Mechanisms of behavior change in a brief dual-target motivational intervention: reduction in alcohol use mediates intervention effects on risky sex. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2019;33(4):349-59. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Monti PM, Mastroleo N, Barnett N, Colby S, Kahler CW, Operario D. Effects of a brief motivational intervention on alcohol and HIV/sex risk behaviors of ED patients. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2012;36:79A.
    1. Monti PM, Mastroleo NR, Barnett NP, Colby SM, Kahler CW, Operario D. Brief motivational intervention to reduce alcohol and HIV/sexual risk behavior in emergency department patients: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2016;84(7):580. - PMC - PubMed
Morgenstern 2009 {published data only}
    1. Morgenstern J, Bux DA, Parsons J, Hagman BT, Wainberg M, Irwin T. Randomized trial to reduce club drug use and HIV risk behaviours among men who have sex with men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2009;77(4):645-56. - PMC - PubMed
Morgenstern 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Morgenstern J, Kuerbis A, Amrhein P, Hail L, Lynch K, McKay J R. Motivational interviewing: a pilot test of active ingredients and mechanisms of change. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2012;26(4):859-69. - PMC - PubMed
Morgenstern 2017 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Morgenstern J, Kuerbis A, Houser J, Levak S, Amrhein P, Shao S, et al. Dismantling motivational interviewing: effects on initiation of behavior change among problem drinkers seeking treatment. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2017;31(7):751-62. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Murphy 2010 {published data only}
    1. Murphy JG, Dennhardt AA, Skidmore JR, Martens MP, McDevitt-Murphy ME. Computerized versus motivational interviewing alcohol interventions: impact on discrepancy, motivation, and drinking. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2010;24(4):628-39. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Murphy JG, Dennhardt AA, Yurasek AM, Skidmore JR, Martens MP, MacKillop J. Behavioral economic predictors of brief alcohol intervention outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2015;83(6):1033-43. - PMC - PubMed
Murphy 2012 {published data only}
    1. Murphy DA, Chen X, Naar-King S, Parsons JT. Alcohol and marijuana use outcomes in the Healthy Choices motivational interviewing intervention for HIV-positive youth. AIDS patient care and STDs 2012;26(2):95-100. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Naar-King S, Parsons JT, Murphy D, Kolmodin K, Harris DR. A multisite randomized trial of a motivational intervention targeting multiple risks in youth living with HIV: Initial effects on motivation, self-efficacy, and depression. Journal of Adolescent Health 2010;46(5):422-8. - PMC - PubMed
Murphy 2018 {published data only}
    1. Murphy CM, Ting LA, Jordan LC, Musser PH, Winters JJ, Poole GM, Pitts SC. A randomized clinical trial of motivational enhancement therapy for alcohol problems in partner violent men. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2018;89:11-9. - PMC - PubMed
Naar‐King 2006 {published data only}
    1. Naar-King S, Lam P, Wang B, Wright K, Parsons JT, Frey MA. Brief report: maintenance of effects of motivational enhancement therapy to improve risk behaviours and HIV-related Health in a randomised controlled trial of youth living with HIV. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2008;33(4):441-5. - PubMed
    1. Naar-King S, Wright K, Parsons J, Frey M, Templin T, Ondersma S. Transtheoretical model and condom use in HIV+ youth. Health Psychology 2006;25(5):648-52. - PubMed
    1. Naar-King S, Wright K, Parsons J, Frey M, Templin T, Ondersma S. Transtheoretical model and substance use in HIV+ youth. AIDS Care 2006;18(7):839-45. - PubMed
    1. Naar-King S, Wright K, Parsons JT, Frey M, Templin T, Lam P, et al. Healthy Choices: Motivational enhancement therapy for health risk behaviours in HIV-positive youth. AIDS Education and Prevention 2006;18(1):1-11. - PubMed
Parsons 2009 {published data only}
    1. Parsons JT, Golub SA, Rosof E, Holder C. Motivational interviewing and cognitive-behavioral intervention to improve HIV medication adherence among hazardous drinkers: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2007;46(4):443-50. - PMC - PubMed
Parsons 2014 {published data only}
    1. Parsons JT, Lelutiu-Weinberger C, Botsko M, Golub SA. A randomized controlled trial utilizing motivational interviewing to reduce HIV risk and drug use in young gay and bisexual men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2014;82(1):9-18. - PMC - PubMed
Peterson 2006 {published data only}
    1. Peterson PL, Baer JS, Wells EA, Ginzler JA, Garrett SB. Short-term effects of a brief motivational intervention to reduce alcohol and drug risk among homeless adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2006;20(3):254-64. - PubMed
Rohsenow 2004 {published data only}
    1. Rohsenow DJ, Monti PM, Martin RA, Colby SM, Myers MG, Gulliver SB, et al. Motivational enhancement and coping skills training for cocaine abusers: effects on substance use outcomes. Addiction 2004;99(7):862-74. - PubMed
Saitz 2007 {published data only}
    1. Saitz R, Palfai TP, Cheng DM, Horton NJ, Freedner N, Dukes K, et al. Brief intervention for medical inpatients with unhealthy alcohol use: a randomised, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2007;146(3):167-76. - PubMed
Saitz 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kim TW, Bernstein J, Cheng DM, Lloyd-Travaglini C, Samet JH, Palfai TP, et al. Receipt of addiction treatment as a consequence of a brief intervention for drug use in primary care: a randomized trial. Addiction 2017;112(5):818-27. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kim TW, Bernstein J, Cheng DM, Samet J, Lloyd-Travaglini C, Palfai T, et al. Does screening and brief intervention for drug use in primary care increase receipt of substance use disorder treatment? Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2015;156:e111-12.
    1. Saitz R, Palfai TP, Cheng DM, Alford DP, Bernstein JA, Lloyd-Travaglini CA, et al. Screening and brief intervention for drug use in primary care: The ASPIRE randomized trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2014;312(5):502-13. - PMC - PubMed
Schaus 2009 {published data only}
    1. Schaus JF, Sole ML, Mccoy TP, Mullett N, O'Brien MC. Alcohol screening and brief intervention in a college student health centre: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2009;Supplement 16:131-41. - PMC - PubMed
Sellman 2001 {published data only}
    1. Adamson SJ, Sellman JD. Five-year outcomes of alcohol-dependent persons treated with motivational enhancement. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2008;69(4):589-93. - PubMed
    1. Sellman JD, Sullivan PF, Dore GM, Adamson SJ, MacEwan I. A randomised controlled trial of motivational enhancement therapy (MET) for mild to moderate alcohol dependence. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2001;62(3):389-96. - PubMed
Slesnick 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Slesnick N, Erdem G, Bartle-Haring S, Brigham GS. Intervention with substance-abusing runaway adolescents and their families: results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2013;81(4):600-14. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Slesnick N, Guo X, Feng X. Change in parent- and child-reported internalizing and externalizing behaviors among substance abusing runaways: the effects of family and individual treatments. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2013;42(7):980-93. - PMC - PubMed
Slesnick 2015 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Slesnick N, Guo X M, Brakenhoff B, Bantchevska D. A comparison of three interventions for homeless youth evidencing substance use disorders: results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2015;54:1-13. - PMC - PubMed
Stein 2002 {published data only}
    1. Stein MD, Charuvastra A, Maksad J, Anderson BJ. A randomised trial of a brief alcohol intervention for needle exchangers (BRAINE). Addiction 2002;97(6):691-700. - PubMed
Stein 2009 {published data only}
    1. Stein MD, Herman DS, Anderson BJ. A motivational intervention trial to reduce cocaine use. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2009;36(1):118-25. - PubMed
Stein 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hebert MR, Clarke JG, Caviness CM, Ray MK, Friedmann PD, Stein MD. Feasibility of gaining access to women in jail for interventions. Women Health 2008;47:79–93. - PubMed
    1. Stein MD, Caviness CM, Anderson BJ, Hebert M, Clarke JG. A brief alcohol intervention for hazardously drinking incarcerated women. Addiction 2010;105:466-75. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Strong DR, Caviness C, Anderson B, Brown RA, Stein M. Assessing the severity of hazardous drinking and related consequences among incarcerated women. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2010;34(5):907-14. - PubMed
Stein 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT01473719. Emerging Adults Who Use Alcohol and Marijuana (HEAT). https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01473719 (first received 15 November 2011).
    1. Stein MD, Caviness CM, Morse EF, Grimone KR, Audet D, Herman DS et al. A developmental-based motivational intervention to reduce alcohol and marijuana use among non-treatment-seeking young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2017;113(3):440-53. - PMC - PubMed
Stephens 2007 {published data only}
    1. Stephens RS, Roffman RA, Fearer SA, Williams C, Burke RS. The Marijuana Check-up: promoting change in ambivalent marijuana users. Addiction 2007;102(6):947-57. - PubMed
Stotts 2001 {published data only}
    1. Stotts A, Schmitz J, Sayre S, Schwebel A, Grabowski J. Brief motivational enhancement therapy prior to relapse prevention for cocaine dependent patients. 61st Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence 1999;Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) Issue 2:218.
    1. Stotts AL, Schmitz JM, Bordnick PS, Schwebel AK. An outpatient cocaine detoxification program using motivational enhancement therapy. NIDA Research Monograph. 1997;178:98.
    1. Stotts AL, Schmitz JM, Rhoades HM, Grabowski J. Motivational interviewing with cocaine-dependent patients: a pilot study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2001;69(5):858-62. - PubMed
Stotts 2006 {published data only}
    1. Stotts AL, Potts GF, Ingersoll G, George MR, Martin LE. Preliminary feasibility and efficacy of a brief motivational intervention with psychophysiological feedback for cocaine abuse. Substance Abuse 2006;27(4):9-20. - PubMed
Swogger 2016 {published data only}
    1. Catterall I, Mitchell SM, Dhingra K, Conner KR, Swogger MT. Brief motivational intervention for substance use may decrease violence among heavy alcohol users in a jail diversion program. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2021;48(3):274-92. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Swogger MT, Conner KR, Caine ED, Trabold N, Parkhurst MN, Prothero LM, Maisto SA. A test of core psychopathic traits as a moderator of the efficacy of a brief motivational intervention for substance-using offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2016;84(3):248. - PMC - PubMed
Thush 2009 {published data only}
    1. Thush C, Wiers RW, Moerbeek M, Ames SL, Grenard JL, Sussman S, et al. Influence of motivational interviewing on explicit and implicit alcohol-related cognition and alcohol use in at-risk adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2009;23(1):146-51. - PMC - PubMed
UKATT 2005 {published data only}
    1. Dale V, Coulton S, Godfrey C, Copello A, Hodgson R, Heather N, et al. Exploring treatment attendance and its relationship to outcome in a randomized controlled trial of treatment for alcohol problems: secondary analysis of the UK Alcohol Treatment Trial (UKATT). Alcohol and Alcoholism 2011;46(5):592-9. - PubMed
    1. Gaume J, Heather N, Tober G, McCambridge J. Active ingredients of treatment for alcohol problems: a mediator analysis of data from the UK alcohol treatment trial (UKATT). Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2016;40:65A.
    1. Orford J, Hodgson R, Copello A, Krishnan M, Madariaga M, Coulton S. Treatment: what was useful about that session? Clients' and therapists' comments after sessions in the UK alcohol treatment trial (UKATT). Alcohol and Alcoholism 2009;44(3):306-13. - PubMed
    1. Orford J, Hodgson R, Copello A, Wilton S, Slegg G. To what factors do clients attribute change? Content analysis of follow-up interviews with clients of the UK Alcohol Treatment Trial. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2009;36(1):49-58. - PubMed
    1. UKATT Research Team. Cost effectiveness of treatment for alcohol problems: findings of the randomised UK alcohol treatment trial (UKATT). BMJ 2005;331(7516):544. - PMC - PubMed
Wain 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wain RM, Wilbourne PL, Harris KW, Pierson H, Teleki J, Burling TA, Lovett S. Motivational interview improves treatment entry in homeless veterans. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2011;115(1):113-9. - PubMed
Walitzer 2009 {published data only}
    1. Walitzer KS, Dermen KH, Barrick C. Facilitating involvement in Alcoholics Anonymous during out-patient treatment: a randomised clinical trial. Addiction 2009;104(3):391-401. - PMC - PubMed
Walker 2006 {published data only}
    1. Walker DD, Roffman RA, Stephens RS, Wakana K, Berghuis J, Kim W. Motivational enhancement therapy for adolescent marijuana users: a preliminary randomised controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006;74(3):628-32. - PMC - PubMed
Walters 2009 {published data only}
    1. Walters ST, Vader AM, Harris TR, Field CA, Jouriles EN. Dismantling motivational interviewing and feedback for college drinkers: a randomised clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2009;77(1):64-73. - PMC - PubMed
White 2006 {published data only}
    1. Mun EY, White HR, Morgan TJ. Individual and situational factors that influence the efficacy of personalized feedback substance use interventions for mandated college students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2009;77(1):88-102. - PMC - PubMed
    1. White HR, Morgan TJ, Pugh LA, Celinska K, Labouvie EW, Pandina RJ. Evaluating two brief substance-use interventions for mandated college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2006;67:309-17. - PubMed
    1. White HR, Mun EY, Pugh L, Morgan TJ. Long-term effects of brief substance use interventions for mandated college students: sleeper effects of an in-person personal feedback intervention. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2007;31(8):1380-91. - PubMed
Winhusen 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ondersma SJ, Winhusen T, Erickson SJ, Stine SM, Wang Y. Motivation enhancement therapy with pregnant substance-abusing women: does baseline motivation moderate efficacy? Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2009;101(1-2):74-9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ondersma SJ, Winhusen T, Lewis DF. Pre-treatment change in a randomized trial with pregnant substance-abusing women in community-based outpatient treatment. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2012;33(5):1074-9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Osterman R, Lewis D, Winhusen T. Efficacy of motivational enhancement therapy to decrease alcohol and illicit-drug use in pregnant substance users reporting baseline alcohol use. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2017;77:150-5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Winhusen T, Kropp F, Babcock D, Hague D, Erickson SJ, Renz C, et al. Motivational enhancement therapy to improve treatment utilization and outcome in pregnant substance users. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2008;35:161-73. - PMC - PubMed
Winters 2007 {published data only}
    1. Winters KC, Leitten W. Brief intervention for drug-abusing adolescents in a school setting. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2007;21(2):249-54. - PubMed
Wood 2007 {published data only}
    1. Capone C, Wood MD. Thinking about drinking: need for cognition and readiness to change moderate the effects of brief alcohol interventions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2009;23(4):684-8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wood MD, Capone C, Laforge R, Erickson DJ, Brand NH. Brief motivational intervention and alcohol expectancy challenge with heavy drinking college students: A randomised factorial study. Addictive Behaviors 2007;32(11):2509-28. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Acuff 2019 {published data only}
    1. Acuff SF, Voss AT, Dennhardt AA, Borsari B, Martens MP, Murphy JG. Brief motivational interventions are associated with reductions in alcohol-induced blackouts among heavy drinking college students. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2019;43(5):988-96. - PMC - PubMed
Adamson 2001 {published data only}
    1. Adamson SJ, Selman JD. Drinking goal selection and treatment outcome in outpatients with mild-moderate alcohol dependence. Drug and Alcohol Review 2001;20:351-9.
Allen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Allen E, Polikina O, Saburova L, McCambridge J, Elbourne D, Pakriev S, et al. The efficacy of a brief intervention in reducing hazardous drinking in working age men in Russia: the HIM (Health for Izhevsk men) individually randomised parallel group exploratory trial. Trials 2011;12:238. - PMC - PubMed
Aubrey 1998 {published data only}
    1. Aubrey LL. Motivational interviewing with adolescents presenting for outpatient substance abuse treatment. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 1998;59(3-B):Sep-B.
Baer 2001 {published data only}
    1. Baer JS, Kivlahan DR, Blume AW, McKnight P, Marlatt GA. Brief intervention for heavy-drinking college students: 4-year follow-up and natural history. American Journal of Public Health 2001;91(8):1310-6. - PMC - PubMed
Bagoien 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bagoien G, Bjorngaard JH, Ostensen C, Reitan SK, Romundstad P, Morken G. The effects of motivational interviewing on patients with comorbid substance use admitted to a psychiatric emergency unit — a randomised controlled trial with two year follow-up. BMC Psychiatry 2013;13:93. - PMC - PubMed
Baker 1993 {published data only}
    1. Baker A, Heather N, Wodak A, Dixon J, Holt P. Evaluation of a cognitive-behavioural intervention for HIV prevention among injecting drug users. AIDS 1993;7(2):247-56. - PubMed
Baker 2001 {published data only}
    1. Baker A, Boggs T, Lewin T. Characteristics of regular amphetamine users and implications for treatment. Drug and Alcohol Review 2001;20:49-56.
    1. Baker A, Boggs TG, Lewin TJ. Randomized controlled trial of brief cognitive-behavioural interventions among regular users of amphetamine. Addiction 2001;96(9):1279-87. - PubMed
    1. Baker A, Lee NK, Claire M, Lewin TJ, Grant T, Pohlman S, et al. Drug use patterns and mental health of regular amphetamine users during a reported "heroin drought". Addiction 2004;99:875-84. - PubMed
Baker 2002 {published data only}
    1. Baker A, Lewin T, Reichler H, Clancy R, Carr V, Garrett R, et al. Evaluation of a motivational interview for substance use within psychiatric in-patient services. Addiction 2002;97(10):1329-37. - PubMed
Baker 2002b {published data only}
    1. Baker A, Lewin T, Reichler H, Clancy R, Carr V, Garrett R, et al. Motivational interviewing among psychiatric in-patients with substance use disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2002;106(3):233-40. - PubMed
Baker 2005 {published data only}
    1. Baker A, Lee NK, Claire M, Lewin TJ, Grant T, Pohlman S, et al. Brief cognitive behavioural interventions for regular amphetamine users: a step in the right direction. Addiction 2005;100(3):367-78. - PubMed
Baker 2006 {published data only}
    1. Baker A, Bucci S, Lewin TJ, Kay-Lambkin F, Constable PM, Carr VJ. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for substance use disorders in people with psychotic disorders: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006;188:439-48. - PubMed
Barrowclough 2000 {published data only}
    1. Barrowclough C, Haddock G, Tarrier N, Moring J, Lewis S. Cognitive behavioral intervention for individuals with severe mental illness who have a substance misuse problem. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills 2000;4(2):216-33.
Bechdolf 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bechdolf A, Pohlmann B, Guttgemanns J, Geyer C, Lindner K, Ferber C, et al. State-dependent motivational interviewing for people with schizophrenia and substance use: results of a randomised controlled trial. Der Nervenarzt 2012;83(7):888-96. - PubMed
Beckham 2007 {published data only}
    1. Beckham N. Motivational interview with hazardous drinkers. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 2007;19(2):103-10. - PubMed
Begun 2011 {published data only}
    1. Begun AL, Rose SJ, Lebel TP. Intervening with women in jail around alcohol and substance abuse during preparation for community reentry. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 2011;29(4):453-78.
Bernstein 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bernstein J, Bernstein E, Tassiopoulos K, Heeren T, Levenson S, Hingson R. Brief motivational intervention at a clinic visit reduces cocaine and heroin use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2005;77(1):49-59. - PubMed
Blondell 2011 {published data only}
    1. Blondell RD, Frydrych LM, Jaanimagi U, Ashrafioun L, Homish GG, Foschio EM, et al. A randomized trial of two behavioral interventions to improve outcomes following inpatient detoxification for alcohol dependence. Journal of Addictive Diseases 2011;30(2):136-48. - PMC - PubMed
Blow 2010 {published data only}
    1. Blow FC, Walton MA, Murray R, Cunningham RM, Chermack ST, Barry KL, et al. Intervention attendance among emergency department patients with alcohol- and drug-use disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2010;71(5):713-9. - PMC - PubMed
Bohnert 2016 {published data only}
    1. Bohnert AS, Blow F, Cunningham R, Thomas L, Greenwald MK, Chermack S, et al. A randomized clinical trial of a behavioral intervention to reduce opioid overdose risk behavior. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2015;156:e22. - PubMed
    1. Bohnert AS, Bonar EE, Cunningham R, Greenwald MK, Thomas L, Chermack S, et al. A pilot randomized clinical trial of an intervention to reduce overdose risk behaviors among emergency department patients at risk for prescription opioid overdose. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2016;163:40-7. - PubMed
Booth 1998 {published data only}
    1. Booth RE, Kwiatkowski C, Iguchi MY, Pinto F, John D. Facilitating treatment entry among out-of-treatment injection drug users. Public Health Reports 1998;113 Suppl 1:116-28. - PMC - PubMed
Borsari 2000 {published data only}
    1. Borsari B, Carey KB. Effects of a brief motivational intervention with college student drinkers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2000;68(4):728-33. - PubMed
Brown 2009 {published data only}
    1. Brown RA, Strong DR, Abrantes AM, Myers MG, Ramsey SE, Kahler CW. Effects on substance use outcomes in adolescents receiving motivational interviewing for smoking cessation during psychiatric hospitalisation. Addictive Behaviors 2009;34(10):887-91. - PMC - PubMed
Bruguera 2021 {published data only}
    1. Bruguera P, Barrio P, Manthey J, Oliveras C, López-Pelayo H, Nuño L, et al. Mid and long-term effects of a SBIRT program for at-risk drinkers attending to an emergency department. Follow-up results from a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Emergency Medicine 2021;28(5):373-9. [DOI: 10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000810] - DOI - PubMed
Bucci 2010 {published data only}
    1. Bucci S, Baker A, Halpin SA, Hides L, Lewin TJ, Carr VJ, et al. Intervention for cannabis use in young people at ultra high risk for psychosis and in early psychosis. Mental Health and Substance Use: Dual Diagnosis 2010;3(1):66-73.
Butler 2009 {published data only}
    1. Butler LH, Correia CJ. Brief alcohol intervention with college student drinkers: face-to-face versus computerized feedback. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2009;23(1):163-7. - PubMed
Carey 2013 {published data only}
    1. Carey KB, DeMartini KS, Prince MA, Luteran C, Carey MP. Effects of choice on intervention outcomes for college students sanctioned for campus alcohol policy violations. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2013;27(3):596-603. - PMC - PubMed
Ceperich 2002 {published data only}
    1. Ceperich SD, Ingersoll KS, Nettleman MD. Preventing alcohol-exposed pregnancies in college women. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2002;66 Suppl 1:29.
Ceperich 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ceperich SD, Ingersoll KS. Motivational interviewing + feedback intervention to reduce alcohol-exposed pregnancy risk among college binge drinkers: determinants and patterns of response. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2011;34(5):381-95. - PMC - PubMed
Chartier 2015 {published data only}
    1. Chartier KG, Carmody T, Akhtar M, Stebbins MB, Walters ST, Warden D. Hispanic subgroups, acculturation, and substance abuse treatment outcomes. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2015;59:74-82. - PMC - PubMed
Chavez 2003 {published data only}
    1. Chavez R, Miller WR, Tonigan JS. Negative consequences, substance use, and motivation for change: a predictive model of drug abusers motivation to change behavior. In: 65th Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence. Vol. 65. 2003:Cochrane ID: CN-00462116.
Christoff 2015 {published data only}
    1. Christoff Ade O, Boerngen-Lacerda R. Reducing substance involvement in college students: a three-arm parallel-group randomized controlled trial of a computer-based intervention. Addictive Behaviors 2015;45:164-71. - PubMed
Clarke 2011 {published data only}
    1. Clarke JG, Anderson BJ, Stein MD. Hazardously drinking women leaving jail: time to first drink. Journal of Correctional Health Care 2011;17(1):61-8. - PMC - PubMed
Clinton‐Sherrod 2008 {published data only}
    1. Clinton-Sherrod AM, Morgan-Lopez AA, Olmstead KLR, Brown JM. The effects of a Motivational Interviewing intervention to reduce college drinking on reports of pressured or force sex at 3-month follow up. Alcoholism-Clinical and Experimental Research 2008;32(6):191A.
Clinton‐Sherrod 2011 {published data only}
    1. Clinton-Sherrod M, Morgan-Lopez AA, Brown JM, McMillen BA, Cowell A. Incapacitated sexual violence involving alcohol among college women: the impact of a brief drinking intervention. Violence Against Women 2011;17(1):135-54. - PubMed
    1. Cowell AJ, Brown JM, Mills MJ, Bender RH, Wedehase BJ. Cost-effectiveness analysis of motivational interviewing with feedback to reduce drinking among a sample of college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2012;73(2):226-37. - PMC - PubMed
Coriale 2019 {published data only}
    1. Coriale G, De Rosa F, Battagliese G, Gencarelli S, Fiore M, Ferraguti G, et al. Motivational enhancement therapy versus cognitive behavioral therapy in a cohort of men and women with alcohol use disorder. Biomedical Reviews 2019;30:125-35.
Corrigan 2005 {published data only}
    1. Corrigan JD, Bogner J, Lamb-Hart G, Heinemann AW, Moore D. Increasing substance abuse treatment compliance for persons with traumatic brain injury. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2005;19(2):131-9. - PubMed
Crane 2015 {published data only}
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D'Angelo 2005 {published data only}
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Daeppen 2011 {published data only}
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Davidson 2007 {published data only}
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Davis 2003 {published data only}
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Dench 2000 {published data only}
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Dent 2008 {published data only}
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Diaz‐Martinez 2011 {published data only}
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Disney 2005 {published data only}
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Dunn 2004 {published data only}
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Easton 2000 {published data only}
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Eisenberg 2013 {published data only}
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Field 2014 {published data only}
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Floyd 2007 {published data only}
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Gamage 2021 {published data only}
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Garner 2017 {published data only}
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Gentilello 2001 {published data only}
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Ginsburg 2001 {published data only}
    1. Ginsburg JI. Using motivational interviewing to enhance treatment readiness in offenders with symptoms of alcohol dependence. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2001;61(8-B):Feb-B.
Goti 2010 {published data only}
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Grossbard 2010 {published data only}
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Grow 2014 {published data only}
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Handmaker 1999 {published data only}
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    1. Hasin D, Aharonovich E, Greenstein E, Pavlicova M, Wainberg M, Helzer J, et al. Drinking reduction in HIV primary care: a randomized trial of healthcall, a technology-based enhancement to brief motivational interviewing. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 2012;36:161A.
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Haug 2004 {published data only}
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Hayes 2007 {published data only}
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Hickman 1999 {published data only}
    1. Hickman ME. The effects of personal feedback on alcohol intake in dually diagnosed clients: an empirical study of William R. Miller's motivational enhancement therapy. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 1999;60(1-B):Jul-B.
Hicks 1999 {published data only}
    1. Hicks TE. Coping with interpersonal conflict among alcohol abusers in outpatient treatment. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 1999;59(8-B):Feb-B.
Hulse 2003 {published data only}
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Hurlocker 2021 {published data only}
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Ingersoll 2013 {published data only}
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Juarez 2006 {published data only}
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Jungerman 2007 {published data only}
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Kelleher 2021 {published data only}
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Kertesz 2021 {published data only}
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Kidorf 2005 {published data only}
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Kidorf 2009 {published data only}
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Kinlock 2005 {published data only}
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Kuchipudi 1990 {published data only}
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Kulesza 2010 {published data only}
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    1. Kumar S, Srivastava M, Srivastava M, Yadav JS, Prakash S. Effect of Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) on the self efficacy of individuals of alcohol dependence. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 2021;10(1):367-72. - PMC - PubMed
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Sorsdahl 2015 {published data only}
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Staton 2018 {published data only}
    1. Staton M, Strickl, JC, Webster JM, Leukefeld C, Oser C, Pike E. HIV prevention in rural appalachian jails: implications for re-entry risk reduction among women who use drugs. AIDS and Behavior 2018;22(12):4009-18. - PMC - PubMed
Staton‐Tindall 2015 {published data only}
    1. Staton-Tindall M, Webster M, Leukefeld C, Havens JR, Oser CB. Women's intervention to stop HIV/HCV (WISH). Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2015;156:e211.
Stein 2006 {published data only}
    1. Stein LA, Colby SM, Barnett NP, Monti PM, Golembeske C, Lebeau-Craven R. Effects of motivational interviewing for incarcerated adolescents on driving under the influence after release. American Journal on Addictions 2006;15 Suppl 1:50-7. - PMC - PubMed
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Stein 2006a {published data only}
    1. Stein MD, Weinstock MC, Herman DS, Anderson BJ, Anthony JL, Niaura R. A smoking cessation intervention for the methadone-maintained. Addiction 2006;101(4):599-607. - PubMed
Stein 2011 {published data only}
    1. Clair M, Stein LA, Soenksen S, Martin RA, Lebeau R, Golembeske C. Ethnicity as a moderator of motivational interviewing for incarcerated adolescents after release. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2013;45(4):370-5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stein LA, Clair M, Lebeau R, Colby SM, Barnett NP, Golembeske C, et al. Motivational interviewing to reduce substance-related consequences: effects for incarcerated adolescents with depressed mood. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2011;118(2):475-8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stein LA, Lebeau R, Colby SM, Barnett NP, Golembeske C, Monti PM. Motivational interviewing for incarcerated adolescents: effects of depressive symptoms on reducing alcohol and marijuana use after release. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2011;72(3):497GCo506. - PMC - PubMed
Stephens 2000 {published data only}
    1. Stephens RS, Roffman RA, Curtin L. Comparison of extended versus brief treatments for marijuana use. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 2000;68(5):898-908. - PubMed
Stewart 2016 {published data only}
    1. Stewart DG, Siebert EC, Arlt VK, Moise-Campbell C, Lehinger E. READY or not: findings from a school-based MI intervention for adolescent substance use. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2016;71:23-9. - PubMed
Stuart 2013 {published data only}
    1. Stuart GL, Shorey RC, Moore TM, Ramsey SE, Kahler CW, O'Farrell TJ, et al. Randomized clinical trial examining the incremental efficacy of a 90-minute motivational alcohol intervention as an adjunct to standard batterer intervention for men. Addiction 2013;108(8):1376-84. - PMC - PubMed
Swanson 1999 {published data only}
    1. Swanson AJ, Pantalon MV, Cohen KR. Motivational interviewing and treatment adherence among psychiatric and dually diagnosed patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1999;187(10):630-5. - PubMed
Tapert 2003 {published data only}
    1. Tapert SF, Colby SM, Barnett NP, Spirito A, Rohsenow DJ, Myers MG, et al. Depressed mood, gender, and problem drinking in youth. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse 2003;12(4):55-68.
Teeters 2015 {published data only}
    1. Teeters JB, Borsari B, Martens MP, Murphy JG. Brief motivational interventions are associated with reductions in alcohol-impaired driving among college drinkers. Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs 2015;76(5):700-9. - PMC - PubMed
Terlecki 2010 {published data only}
    1. Terlecki M. The long-term effect of a brief moivational alcohol intervention for heavy drinking mandated college students. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/1619?utm_source=... 2010. - PubMed
    1. Terlecki MA, Larimer ME, Copel, AL. Clinical outcomes of a brief motivational intervention for heavy drinking mandated college students: a pilot study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2010;71(1):54-60. - PubMed
Terlecki 2021 {published data only}
    1. Terlecki MA, Buckner JD, Copeland AL. Protective behavioral strategies underutilization mediates effect of a brief motivational intervention among socially anxious undergraduate drinkers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2021;35(1):73-84. - PMC - PubMed
Thush 2007 {published data only}
    1. Thush C, Wiers RW, Theunissen N, Van den Bosch J, Opdenacker J, Empelen P, et al. A randomised clinical trial of a targeted intervention to moderate alcohol use and alcohol-related problems in at-risk adolescents. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 2007;86(2):368-76. - PubMed
Tweedly 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ponsford J, Tweedly L, Lee N, Taffe J. Who responds better? Factors influencing a positive response to brief alcohol interventions for individuals with traumatic brain injury. Journal of head trauma rehabilitation 2012;27(5):342-48. - PubMed
    1. Tweedly L, Ponsford J, Lee N. Investigation of the effectiveness of brief interventions to reduce alcohol consumption following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2012;27(5):331-41. - PubMed
Utter 2014 {published data only}
    1. Utter GH, Young JB, Theard LA, Cropp DM, Mohar CJ, Eisenberg D, et al. The effect on problematic drinking behavior of a brief motivational interview shortly after a first arrest for driving under the influence of alcohol: a randomized trial. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 2014;76(3):661-70. - PubMed
Vanderburg 2003 {published data only}
    1. Vanderburg SA. Motivational interviewing as a precursor to a substance abuse program for offenders. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: the Sciences and Engineering 2003;63(9-B):4354.
Vederhus 2014 {published data only}
    1. Vederhus JK, Timko C, Kristensen O, Hjemdahl B, Clausen T. Motivational intervention to enhance post-detoxification 12-Step group affiliation: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2014;109(5):766-73. - PMC - PubMed
Villegas 2016 {published data only}
    1. Villegas DL. Predictors of change in college freshmen and sophomore cognitions of alcohol expectancies. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2016;77(4):Not specified.
Wain 2006 {published data only}
    1. Wain M, Wilbourne PL, Harris K, Teleki J, Burling T, Lovett S. Brief motivational interview improves treatment adherence in homeless men with severe drug and alcohol dependence. Alcoholism-Clinical and Experimental Research 2006;30(6):99A. - PubMed
Walters 2010 {published data only}
    1. Walters ST, Vader AM, Nguyen N, Harris TR, Eells J. Motivational interviewing as a supervision strategy in probation: a randomized effectiveness trial. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 2010;49(5):309-23.
Wandera 2017 {published data only}
    1. Wandera B, Tumwesigye NM, Nankabirwa JI, Mafigiri DK, Parkes-Ratanshi RM, Kapiga S, et al. Efficacy of a single, brief alcohol reduction intervention among men and women living with HIV/AIDS and using alcohol in Kampala, Uganda: a randomized trial. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care 2017;16(3):276-85. - PMC - PubMed
Ward 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ward CL, Mertens JR, Bresick GF, Little F, Weisner CM. Screening and brief intervention for substance misuse: does it reduce aggression and HIV-related risk behaviours? Alcohol and Alcoholism 2015;50(3):302-9. - PMC - PubMed
Wertz 1994 {published data only}
    1. Wertz JS. The effect of motivational interviewing on treatment participation, self-efficacy, and alcohol use at follow-up in inpatient alcohol dependent adults. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 1994;55(1-B):pp-B.
Whitten 2006 {published data only}
    1. Whitten L. Checkup System Catches Relapse Early and Facilitates Return to Treatment. In: NIDA Notes. Vol. 20. 2006:1-3.
Wilson 2012a {published data only}
    1. Wilson GB, McGovern R, Antony G, Cassidy P, Deverill M, Graybill E, et al. Brief intervention to reduce risky drinking in pregnancy: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2012;13:174. - PMC - PubMed
Wood 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wood MD, Fairlie AM, Fernandez AC, Borsari B, Capone C, et al. Brief motivational and parent interventions for college students: a randomized factorial study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2010;78(3):349-61. - PMC - PubMed
Woodall 2007 {published data only}
    1. Woodall WG, Delaney HD, Kunitz SJ, Westerberg VS, Zhao H. A randomised trial of a DWI intervention program for first offenders: intervention outcomes and interactions with antisocial personality disorder among a primarily American-Indian sample. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 2007;31(6):974-87. - PubMed
Woolard 2013 {published data only}
    1. Woolard R, Baird J, Longabaugh R, Nirenberg T, Lee CS, Mello MJ, et al. Project Reduce: reducing alcohol and marijuana misuse: Effects of a brief intervention in the emergency department. Addictive Behaviors 2013;38(3):1732-9. - PMC - PubMed
Zahradnik 2009 {published data only}
    1. Zahradnik A, Otto C, Crackau B, Löhrmann I, Bischof G, John U, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention for problematic prescription drug use in non-treatment-seeking patients. Addiction 2009;104(1):109-17. - PubMed
Zhang 2018 {published data only}
    1. Zhang J, Slesnick N. Substance use and social stability of homeless youth: a comparison of three interventions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2018;32(8):873-84. - PMC - PubMed
Zule 2009 {published data only}
    1. Zule WA, Costenbader EC, Coomes CM, Wechsberg WM. Effects of a hepatitis C virus educational intervention or a motivational intervention on alcohol use, injection drug use, and sexual risk behaviors among injection drug users. American Journal of Public Health 2009;99 Suppl 1:S180-6. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

ACTRN12611000135910 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12611000135910. Screening and treatment for alcohol related trauma using brief interventions (START Brief Interventions) project. anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12611000135910.aspx (first received 4 February 2011).
Blow 2012 {published data only}
    1. Blow FC, Barry KL, Chermack ST, Walton MA. Screening and brief intervention for at-risk drinking in older adults: mental and physical health outcomes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2012;36:24A.
Corno 2011 {published data only}
    1. Corno CM, Colby SM, Barnett N. Correlates of motivation and self-efficacy to change drinking behavior in non-college bound young adults. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2011;35:161A.
Dash 2021 {published data only}
    1. Dash GF, Chung T, Yang M, Bryan AD, Hudson KA, Feldstein Ewing SW. Impact of adolescent: provider connectedness on problem drinking outcomes following brief behavioral interventions. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2021;45:252A.
Gaume 2020 {published data only}
    1. Gaume J, Magill M, Bertholet N, McCambridge J, Hugli O, Daeppen JB. Brief motivational intervention for alcohol-intoxicated young adults admitted to the emergency department: short-term effects and moderation analyses. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2020;44:156A.
Gonzales 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gonzales Vigilar MV, Aranha A, Cockern N, Secord E, Rosenberg DR. Study of cannabis use disorder among adolescents and young adults in an ambulatory HIV clinic setting. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2019;58(10):S172.
Hides 2018 {published data only}
    1. Hides L, Kavanagh D, Daglish M, Connor J, Cotton S. Does targeted coping skills training enhance the efficacy of motivational interviewing (MI) among young people with alcohol related-injuries accessing emergency department and crisis support care? European Psychiatry 2018;48:S156.
Horner 2010 {published data only}
    1. Horner KJ. Brief motivational interviewing: an intervention for alcohol abusing college students. State University of New York at Albany ProQuest Dissertations Publishing 2010;3402364.
Hospital 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hospital MM, Graziano JN, Morris SL, Wagner EF. Examining the effectiveness of a school-based motivational interviewing alcohol intervention with minority adolescents. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2012;36:243A.
Ingesson 2022 {published data only}
    1. Ingesson S, Jayaram-Lindstrom N, Andreasson S, Wallhed Finn S, Hammarberg A. Behavioral self-control training versus Motivational Enhancement Therapy for individuals with alcohol use disorder who aim for controlled drinking: a randomized control. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2022;46:227A.
IRCT20140907019077N4 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20140907019077N4. Effect of motivational interviewing-based behavior change model on returning to opium addiction among women of reproductive age. en.irct.ir/trial/17156 (first registered 12 December 2017).
Jaiswal 2018 {published data only}
    1. Jaiswal R, Gupta S. Evaluating motivational enhancement therapy versus life skill training along with pharmacotherapy in management of opioid use disorder. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. Conference: 70th Annual National Conference of the Indian Psychiatric Society, ANCIPS 2018. India 2018;60(5):S155-6.
Lakshmana 2016 {published data only}
    1. Lakshmana G. Efficacy of combination of motivational interviewing and cognitive behavior intervention with substance abuse street adolescents in India: a randomized control study. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions 2016;16(4):337-57.
Lauckner 2021 {published data only}
    1. Lauckner C, Walthers J, Bryant K, Edelman EJ, Fiellin DA, Hansen N, et al. Effects of participant alcohol use on brief alcohol intervention conversational processes. Journal of Addiction Medicine 2021;15(5):E18-9.
Lee 2015 {published data only}
    1. Lee CS, Tavares TL. Addressing the effects of social stressors on drinking behavior in a randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing with Hispanics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2015;39:262A.
Lopes 2018 {published data only}
    1. Lopes A. The impact of the motivational interview on the behaviors and conditions of individuals with disorders for the use of psychotropic substances - a randomized clinical trial. No source identified 2018.
Lunny 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lunny KF, Bacio GA, Webb JN, Heydari A, Guzman IY, Ray LA. Single session of motivational interviewing for non-treatment seeking alcohol dependent patients: an open label trial. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2012;36:162A.
Lygidakis 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lygidakis C, Struzzo P, Scafato E, McGregor R, Vedova RD, Verbano L, et al. Risky drinkers in primary care: effectiveness of facilitated access to an alcohol reduction website. European Journal of General Practice 2013;19(1):50.
Martens 2011 {published data only}
    1. Martens MP, Smith AE, Murphy JG. A randomized controlled trial examining the comparative efficacy of single-component brief alcohol interventions for at-risk college drinkers. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2011;35:298A.
Mastroleo 2010a {published data only}
    1. Mastroleo NR, Magill M. Student defensiveness and motivational readiness as moderators of drinking outcome in a brief peer-delivered intervention. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2010;34(6):60A.
Mastroleo 2022 {published data only}
    1. Mastroleo N, Possemato K, Balderrama-Durbin C, King P, Rauch SA. Initial testing of a brief, integrated intervention aimed at reducing heavy alcohol use and PTSD among military veterans in primary care. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2022;46:67A. - PMC - PubMed
NCT00229983 {published data only}
    1. NCT00229983. Medical office intervention for adolescent drug use. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00229983 (first received 29 September 2005).
NCT01143792 {published data only}
    1. NCT01143792. Evaluation of treatments for homeless youths [Evaluation of treatments for homeless youths: CRA, MET and Case Management]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01143792 (first received 11 June 2010).
NCT01616212 {published data only}
    1. NCT01616212. Early Intervention for Minors in Possession of Alcohol/Drugs: A Feasibility Study (MAST1). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01616212 (first received 29 May 2012).
NCT01621334 {published data only}
    1. NCT01621334. The men's domestic abuse check-up engages adult men concerned about their abusive behavior and alcohol or drug use [Stage 1B Study Motivating Substance Abusing Batterers to Seek Treatment]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01621334 (first received 18 June 2012).
NCT02159391 {published data only}
    1. NCT02159391. The efficacy of brief motivational interviewing for trauma patients related to alcohol or other abuse drugs (MOTIVA). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02159391 (first received 6 June 2014).
NCT02409888 {published data only}
    1. NCT02409888. Evaluating interventions for alcohol use disorder. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02409888 (first received 1 April 2015).
NTR2420 {published data only}
    1. NTR2420. Effect of a short motivation enhancing intervention for judicial supervised criminal addicts on entering addiction treatment and treatment drop out. www.onderzoekmetmensen.nl/en/trial/24218 (first received 21 July 2010).
NTR2710 {published data only}
    1. NTR2710. Effectiveness of the "Wiet-Check", the Dutch version of the Adolescent Cannabis Check-Up (ACCU), amongst adolescents aged 14-21 years with frequent cannabis use. www.onderzoekmetmensen.nl/en/trial/27383 (first received 25 January 2011).
NTR3182 {published data only}
    1. NTR3182. Study of Integrated Dual Diagnosis Treatment in the Netherlands. www.onderzoekmetmensen.nl/en/trial/23336 (first posted 7 December 2011).
NTR3730 {published data only}
    1. NTR3730. A study to assess whether the intervention Moti-4 is effective in influencing adolescents cannabis use. www.onderzoekmetmensen.nl/en/trial/20952 (first received 29 November 2012).
Parry 2019 {published data only}
    1. Parry C, Shuper P, Londani BM, Myers B, Nkosi S, Morojele N. Drinking among patients on antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: Gender differences and outcomes of a clinical trial. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2019;43:266A.
Puentes 2016 {published data only}
    1. Puentes RP, Rangel LM, Field CA. A latent growth curve analysis: Approximating spill-over effects of an alcohol-focused brief intervention on marijuana use. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2016;40:69A.
Pujam 2022 {published data only}
    1. Pujam SN. A clinical trial to study the effects of mindfulness on relapsing factors like craving and emotion regulation in patients with alcohol dependence syndrome. No source identified 2022.
Rinker 2017 {published data only}
    1. Rinker DV, Young CM, Neighbors C. A randomized controlled trial of injunctive norms feedback with and with out motivational interviewing. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2017;41:252A.
Rose 2013 {published data only}
    1. Rose SJ, Lebel T, Begun A. Perceptions of barriers to care expressed by incarcerated mothers. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2013;37:294A.
Sander 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sander AM. A randomized, dual-center controlled trial of brief intervention for problem alcohol abuse in persons with traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2012;93(10):E7.
Sawant 2016 {published data only}
    1. Sawant M, Hospital M, Wagner E. Motivational interviewing with at risk American Indian teens: results from a randomized clinical trial. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2016;40:266A.
Tate 2010 {published data only}
    1. Tate SR, Mrnak-Meyer J, Tripp JC, Brown SA. Brief health focused motivational intervention for alcohol dependent veterans. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2010;34(6):230A.
Whiteside 2011 {published data only}
    1. Whiteside U. A brief personalized feedback intervention integrating a motivational interviewing therapeutic style and dialectical behavioral therapy skills for depressed or anxious heavy drinking young adults. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2011;71(12):7745.

References to ongoing studies

CTRI/2019/08/020530 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2019/08/020530. Effect of a brief motivational intervention in reducing alcohol consumption in the emergency department [Effect of a brief motivational interventions in reducing alcohol consumption among young patients visiting emergency department: a randomized controlled trial]. www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=35795 (first receveived 2 August 2019).
CTRI/2022/06/043527 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2022/06/043527. Usefulness of screening and brief intervention in patient with alcohol use disorder who are on opioid agonist treatment [Efficacy of screening and brief Intervention for hazardous and harmful alcohol use among patients on opioid agonist treatment (OAT): a randomized controlled trial ]. www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=67862 (first received 27 June 2022).
IRCT20151103024866N13 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20151103024866N13. Investigating the effect of motivational enhancement therapy on the pattern of drug use [The effect of motivational-enhancement therapy (MET) on the pattern of postpartum drug use in addicted women referring to Afzali Pour kerman hospital in 2018]. en.irct.ir/trial/30172 (first received 4 January 2019).
KCT0004748 {published data only}
    1. KCT0004748. Effect of early intervention based on motivational interviewing for high risk drinker: a randomized controlled trial [Development of early intervention system for reducing high-risk drinking]. cris.nih.go.kr/cris/en/search/search_result_st01.jsp?seq=15843 (first received 19 February 2020).
NCT04147520 {published data only}
    1. NCT04147520. Reducing hazardous alcohol use in social networks using targeted intervention: 21 rising. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT04147520 (first received 23 October 2019).
NCT04345302 {published data only}
    1. NCT04345302. Brief motivational therapy versus usual care for alcohol use disorders in primary care [Brief motivational therapy versus enhanced usual care for alcohol use disorder in primary care in chile, an exploratory randomised trial]. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04345302 (first received 8 April 2020).
NCT04822168 {published data only}
    1. NCT04822168. Effects of remote motivational enhancement & MySafeRx on post-detox engagement in B/N Treatment -RCT [Effects of remote motivational enhancement & MySafeRx on post-detox engagement and retention in B/N treatment (MySafeRx) - RCT]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04822168 (first received 27 February 2018).
NCT04881500 {published data only}
    1. NCT04881500. Impact of a brief motivational intervention including counter-marketing arguments with a population of patients with moderate to severe alcohol use disorders who are followed up on an outpatient basis. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04881500 (first received 3 May 2021).
NCT04998045 {published data only}
    1. NCT04998045. Feasibility and acceptability of a substance use screening and brief intervention for youth living with HIV in Kenya. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04998045 (first received 26 June 2021).
NCT05010187 {published data only}
    1. NCT05010187. Preventing alcohol misuse and consequences in vulnerable women. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05010187 (first received 20 July 2021).
NCT05489068 {published data only}
    1. NCT05489068. Motivational interviewing at intake vs intake as usual on client engagement in addiction treatment. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05489068 (first received 26 July 2022).

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