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. 2023 Dec 26;39(51):18983-18994.
doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02992. Epub 2023 Dec 12.

Iopamidol Abatement from Waters: A Rigorous Approach to Determine Physicochemical Parameters Needed to Scale Up from Batch to Continuous Operation

Rosanna Paparo  1   2 , Michele Emanuele Fortunato  1 , Gianfranco Carotenuto  3 , Fulvio Uggeri  4 , Luigi Nicolais  5 , Martino Di Serio  1   2 , Marco Trifuoggi  1   2 , Vincenzo Russo  1
Affiliations

Iopamidol Abatement from Waters: A Rigorous Approach to Determine Physicochemical Parameters Needed to Scale Up from Batch to Continuous Operation

Rosanna Paparo et al. Langmuir. .

Abstract

The abatement of iopamidol (IPM), an X-ray iodinated contrast agent, in aqueous solution using powdered activated carbon (PAC) as a sorbent was investigated in the present work. The material was characterized by various analytical techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential measurements. Both thermodynamic and kinetic experiments were conducted in a batch apparatus, and the effects of the initial concentration of IPM, the temperature, and the adsorbent bulk density on the adsorption kinetics were investigated. The adsorption isotherms were interpreted well using the Langmuir model. Moreover, it was demonstrated that IPM adsorption on PAC is spontaneous and exothermic (ΔH0 = -27 kJ mol-1). The adsorption kinetic data were described using a dynamic intraparticle model for fluid-solid adsorption kinetics (ADIM) allowing determination of a surface activation energy Es = 6 ± 1 kJ mol-1. Comparing the experimental results and the model predictions, a good model fit was obtained.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Scheme of the equipment adopted for the: (a) kinetic and (b) thermodynamic investigations.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) Zeta-potential micrographs of AC Fluka at different pH alone and (b) in contact with IPM.
Figure 3
Figure 3
DLS results of IPM and the AC solution at different pH values.
Figure 4
Figure 4
TEM (A–C) and SEM micrographs (D,E) of the AC Fluka.
Figure 5
Figure 5
TGA analysis of PAC Fluka after the IPM adsorption test.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Adsorption isotherms at different temperatures (T = 293, 303, and 313 K). The symbols represent the experimental data, whereas the solid lines represent the fitting with the Langmuir isotherm.
Figure 7
Figure 7
(a) XRD analyses on both PAC and presaturated PAC with IPM. (b) Particle size distributions measured for pristine PAC dispersion (1 g/L) and PAC dispersion after stirring (v = 800 rpm, t = 3 h).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Investigation of saturated PAC regeneration. Experimental conditions are C0,IPM = 0 mol/m3, T = 303 K, and v = 800 rpm.
Figure 9
Figure 9
FTIR analyses of both pristine and presaturated PAC.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Effect of the adsorbent bulk density on the adsorption kinetics of IPM on AC. Experimental conditions are C0,IPM = 0.13 mol/m3, T = 303 K, and v = 800 rpm.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Effect of the initial concentration of IPM on the adsorption kinetics, experimental conditions: ρbulk = 0.25 kg m–3, T = 303 K, and v = 800 rpm.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Effect of the temperature on the adsorption kinetics of IPM on AC. Experimental conditions are C0,IPM = 0.13 mol/m3, ρbulk = 0.25 kg m–3, and v = 800 rpm.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Linearized trend of the surface diffusivity Ds vs T.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Parity plot of IPM bulk concentration, including all the collected data of the kinetic experiments.
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