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. 2023 Dec 13;13(12):e071334.
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071334.

Effectiveness, safety and costs of the FreeStyle Libre glucose monitoring system for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in Spain: a prospective, uncontrolled, pre-post study

Himar González-Pacheco  1   2   3   4 , Amado Rivero-Santana  5   2   3   4 , Yolanda Ramallo-Fariña  5   2   3   4 , Cristina Valcárcel-Nazco  5   2   3   4 , Yolanda Álvarez-Pérez  5   2   3   4 , Lidia García-Pérez  5   2   3   4 , Miguel Angel García-Bello  5   2   3   4 , Lilisbeth Perestelo-Pérez  2   3   4   6 , Pedro Serrano-Aguilar  2   3   4   6 ; Health Professional Group
Collaborators, Affiliations

Effectiveness, safety and costs of the FreeStyle Libre glucose monitoring system for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in Spain: a prospective, uncontrolled, pre-post study

Himar González-Pacheco et al. BMJ Open. .

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness, safety and costs of FreeStyle Libre (FSL) glucose monitoring system for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in Spain.

Design: Prospective, multicentre pre-post study.

Setting: Thirteen Spanish public hospitals recruited patients from January 2019 to March 2020, with a 12-month follow-up.

Participants: 156 patients were included.

Primary and secondary outcome measures: Primary: glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) change. Secondary: severe hypoglycaemic events (self-reported and clinical records), quality of life, diabetes treatment knowledge, treatment satisfaction, adverse events, adherence, sensor usage time and scans. Healthcare resource utilisation was assessed for cost analysis from the National Health System perspective, incorporating direct healthcare costs. Data analysis used mixed regression models with repeated measures. The intervention's total cost was estimated by multiplying health resource usage with unit costs.

Results: In the whole sample, HbA1c increased significantly (0.32%; 95% CI 0.10% to 0.55%). In the subgroup with baseline HbA1c≥7.5% (n=88), there was a significant reduction at 3 months (-0.46%; 95% CI -0.69% to -0.23%), 6 months (-0.49%; 95% CI -0.73% to -0.25%) and 12 months (-0.43%; 95% CI -0.68% to -0.19%). Well-controlled patients had a significant 12-month worsening (0.32%; 95% CI 0.18% to 0.47%). Self-reported severe hypoglycaemia significantly decreased compared with the previous year for the whole sample (-0.37; 95% CI -0.62 to -0.11). Quality of life and diabetes treatment knowledge showed no significant differences, but satisfaction increased. Adolescents had lower sensor usage time and scans than children. Reduction in HbA1c was significantly associated with device adherence. No serious adverse effects were observed. Data suggest that use of FSL could reduce healthcare resource use (strips and lancets) and costs related to productivity loss.

Conclusions: The use of FSL in young patients with T1DM was associated with a significant reduction in severe hypoglycaemia, and improved HbA1c levels were seen in patients with poor baseline control. Findings suggest cost savings and productivity gains for caregivers. Causal evidence is limited due to the study design. Further research is needed to confirm results and assess risks, especially for patients with lower baseline HbA1c.

Keywords: health economics; paediatric endocrinology; public health.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Study flow charts. FSL, FreeStyle Libre.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Total annual costs per patient before and after use of the FSL. FSL, FreeStyle Libre.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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