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. 2023 Dec 18;13(1):22464.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-50021-7.

Design, fabrication and characterization of mesoporous yolk-shell nanocomposites as a sustainable heterogeneous nanocatalyst for synthesis of ortho-aminocarbonitrile tetrahydronaphthalenes

Somayeh Kazempour  1 , Hossein Naeimi  2
Affiliations

Design, fabrication and characterization of mesoporous yolk-shell nanocomposites as a sustainable heterogeneous nanocatalyst for synthesis of ortho-aminocarbonitrile tetrahydronaphthalenes

Somayeh Kazempour et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

A new structure of mesoporous spherical nanocomposites was designed and easily prepared from the reaction between NiCuFe2O4 nanoparticles and mesoporous silica in three steps. The prepared multi-yolk@shell NiCuFe2O4@mSiO2 mesoporous sphere was characterized by using FT-IR, XRD, VSM, EDX, BET, FE-SEM and HR-TEM techniques. This unique mesoporous nanocomposite sphere as a heterogeneous nanocatalyst has demonstrated highly catalytic activity for the green synthesis of tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives in 92-98% yields at reaction times of 60-75 min. This process was carried out through multi-component reaction of the cyclic ketone, malononitrile and aromatic aldehyde under solvent-free conditions. Furthermore, the procedure was optimized on the basis of catalyst loading amounts, various solvents and temperature conditions. This novel methodology exposes obvious benefits such as; catalyst reusability, easy reaction procedure, simplicity of work-up, excellent product yields and short reaction times.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Preparation of multi yolk@shell NiCuFe2O4@mSiO2 spheres.
Figure 2
Figure 2
FT-IR spectra of the multi-yolk@shell NiCuFe2O4 spheres, (a) before, and (b) after calcination.
Figure 3
Figure 3
XRD pattern of the NiCuFe2O4@mSiO2 spheres (a) before, (b) after calcination and (c) XRD low angle of the NiCuFe2O4@mSiO2 spheres.
Figure 4
Figure 4
FE-SEM images of the multi-yolk@shell NiCuFe2O4@mSiO2 nanospheres.
Figure 5
Figure 5
EDX spectrum of the multi-yolk@shell NiCuFe2O4@mSiO2 spheres.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Elemental mapping analysis: for (a) Fe, (b) Cu, (c) Ni, (d) O, (e) Si.
Figure 7
Figure 7
High resolution TEM (HR-TEM) of the multi-yolk@shell NiCuFe2O4@mSiO2.
Figure 8
Figure 8
VSM analysis of the multi-yolk@shell NiCuFe2O4@mSiO2 spheres.
Figure 9
Figure 9
The nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm (a) and corresponding BJH pore size (b) of multi-yolk@shell NiCuF2O4@mSiO2.
Scheme 1
Scheme 1
The proposed reaction mechanism for the formation of tetrahydronaphtalene.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Reusability of the multi-yolk@shell NiCuFe2O4@mSiO2 spheres after 8 times used in the reaction.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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