Severe plastic deformation: Nanostructured materials, metal-based and polymer-based nanocomposites: A review

Abstract

Significant deformation of the metal structure can be achieved without breaking or cracking the metal. There are several methods for deformation of metal plastics. The most important of these methods are angular channel pressing process, high-pressure torsion, multidirectional forging process, extrusion-cyclic compression process, cumulative climbing connection process, consecutive concreting and smoothing method, high-pressure pipe torsion. The nanocomposite is a multiphase material which the size of one of its phases is less than 100 nm in at least one dimension. Due to some unique properties, metal-based nanocomposites are widely used in engineering applications such as the automotive and aerospace industries. Polymer-based nanocomposites are two-phase systems with polymer-based and reinforcing phases (usually ceramic). These materials have a simpler synthesis process than metal-based nanocomposites and are used in a variety of applications such as the aerospace industry, gas pipelines, and sensors. Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is known to be the best method for producing bulk ultrafine grained and nanostructured materials with excellent properties. Different Severe plastic deformation methods were developed that are suitable for sheet and bulk solid materials. During the past decade, efforts have been made to create effective Severe plastic deformation processes suitable for producing cylindrical tubes. In this paper, we review Severe plastic deformation processes intended to nanostructured tubes, and their effects on material properties and severe plastic deformation is briefly introduced and its common methods for bulk materials, sheets, and pipes, as well as metal background nanocomposites, are concisely introduced and their microstructural and mechanical properties are discussed. The paper will focus on introduction of the tube Severe plastic deformation processes, and then comparison of them based on their advantages and disadvantages from the viewpoints of processing and properties.

Keywords: Deformation; Metal-based nanocomposites; Nanostructured materials; Polymer-based nanocomposites; Severe plastic deformation.

Fig. 1

Schematic of the synthesis steps of nanocomposite coatings of polymeric substrates reinforced with carbon nanotubes [1].

Fig. 2

Stress-strain curve of metal in the elastic state [2].

Fig. 3

Stress-strain curve of metal in the elastic state [3].

Fig. 4

General classification of severe plastic deformation methods based on the shape of the product [5,[70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76]].

Fig. 5

Schematic of the pressing process in an angled channel with: (a) cubic geometry (rectangular cross-section), (b) channel angle of 90° [6].

Fig. 6

An overview of the main routes used in the pressing process in the angled channel [1].

Fig. 7

Schematic of the angled channel pressing process used in the severe plastic deformation of thick sheets [1].

Fig. 8

Scheme of the high-pressure twisting process: (a) with rotating mandrel, (b) with rotating mold, and (c) sample used in the process [7].

Fig. 9

Scheme of multidirectional forging process [6].

Fig. 10

Scheme of extrusion process - cyclic pressure [6].

Fig. 11

Scheme of the sequential congressional and refinement process [6].

Fig. 12

Scheme of templates used in CGP and RCS methods (up: CGP dies, down: RCS die) [9].

Fig. 13

Schematic of the two-stage confessionalization process [10].

Fig. 14

An overview of the various stages of the PTCAP process for severe plastic deformation in pipes [13].

Fig. 15

Schematic of the compression process in the tubular channel [20].

Fig. 16

Different methods for fabricating metal-based nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanotubes [7].

Fig. 17

Schematic of the process of making nickel-nickel oxide nanocomposite powder with the high-pressure twisting method [8].

Fig. 18

(a) Changes in the average grain size (b) Changes in the final tensile strength of aluminum-alumina nanocomposites and aluminum substrates with increasing strain (increasing cumulative rolling process cycles) [11].

Fig. 19

SEM images of nanocomposite with Ti₆₀Cu₁₄Ni₁₂Sn₄Nb₁₀ alloy background: (a) before severe plastic deformation and (b) after severe plastic deformation with HPT [265].

Fig. 20

X-ray diffraction pattern of Cu₅₀Zn₅₀ martensitic nanocomposite before and after severe plastic deformation [22].

Fig. 21

Micrographs of TEM (a, b, c); SAED: (d); SEM (e, f, g) and elemental mapping (C, N, O, S, and Cd) in MWCNT/CdS/PPy nanocomposite [270].

Fig. 22

Simultaneous effect of severe deformation due to uniaxial pressure and concentration of clay reinforcing particles on the crystallinity of polypropylene-plastic EPDM-organic clay nanocomposite [5].

Fig. 23

(a) Schematic of the angled channel pressing process used in the severe plastic deformation of Nano clay-reinforced Naylon-6 nanocomposites; (b) Changes in the orientation of the deformed nanocomposite sheets [7].