Deadlines make you productive, but what do they do to your motivation? Trajectories in quantity and quality of motivation and study activities among university students as exams approach

Abstract

Introduction: Recent research has emphasized that achievement motivation is context-sensitive and varies within individual students. Ubiquitous temporal landmarks such as exams or deadlines are evident contextual factors that could systematically explain variation in motivation. Indeed, research has consistently found that university students increase their study efforts as exams come closer in time, indicating increasing study motivation. However, changes in study motivation for a specific exam as it comes closer have rarely been investigated. Instead, research on developmental changes in expectancy and value beliefs has consistently founds that achievement motivation declines over a semester. Surprisingly, declining motivation thus apparently coincides with increasing study efforts for end-of-semester exams.

Methods: The present research investigates this apparent contradiction by assessing how exam-specific motivation and study behavior change under equal methodological conditions as an exam draws closer. Using parallel growth curve models, we examine changes in expectancy-value beliefs, performance approach and avoidance motivation and study behavior as well as motivational want- and should-conflicts among 96 students over eight weekly measurement points.

Results and discussion: Results show that students study more for their exam as it comes closer and increase their use of surface learning strategies more rapidly than their use of deep learning strategies. However, even exam-specific expectancy and attainment value beliefs decline while performance-avoidance motivation increases over time, indicating that students increasingly study out of fear to fail as exams come closer. Consistent with these findings, students' experience of should conflicts decreases while their want conflicts increase over time. We discuss several possible mechanisms underlying our findings in addition to potential theoretical consequences and suggest future research opportunities to better understand students' changes in situative motivation and study behavior in the context of temporal landmarks.

Keywords: LGCM; deadline; expectancy; motivation; motivational conflict; parallel process model; temporal landmark; value.

Figure 1

Model implied linear trajectories of motivational variables over measurement points.

Figure 2

Model implied linear trajectory of time spent studying in hours over measurement points.

Figure 3

Model implied linear trajectories of the use of surface and deep learning strategies over measurement points.

Figure 4

Model implied linear trajectories of want and should conflicts over measurement points.

Figure 5

Model implied nonlinear trajectories motivational variables. The trajectories were selected by best model fit and each represent one individual model. Trajectories of value and performance-avoidance (grey) were statistically non-significant.

Figure 6

Model implied nonlinear trajectories of time spent studying in hours based on best model-fit.