"Health Outcomes of Grandparents Caring for Double Orphans in South Africa": What Are the Determinants?

Abstract

In the 21st century, grandparenthood is a significant phenomenon in the fields of demography, gerontology, and sociology. It is mainly explored in the context of ageing, as it is poised to become one of the most significant demographic phenomena and social issues in contemporary South Africa. Therefore, this study examined the determinants associated with grandparents who are parenting as caregivers and the health challenges they are exposed to as caregivers. The National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) Wave 5 dataset was utilised, and a total of 302,476 grandparents aged 25 years and older, who were reported to be primary caregivers of double orphans, were included in the analysis. Both bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regressions were performed to determine the predictors of the determinants of grandparents parenting as caregivers and their health challenges in South Africa. Estimated odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used, and the threshold for statistical significance was established at ρ < 0.05. A majority of the male and female grandparent caregivers were aged 24-34 years, were Black Africans (69.8%), had secondary education (46.9%), reported health challenges (HC) (59.7%), with 26.4% reporting headaches in the last 30 days. Logistic regression revealed that grandparent caregivers aged 55-64 years were 8.9 times more likely to report health challenges compared to those aged 25-34 years. Non-Black African grandparent caregivers were found to be 0.61 times less likely to report health challenges, compared to Black African grandparent caregivers. Those with perceived poor health status were 3.3 times more likely to report health challenges, compared to those with excellent perceived health status. Therefore, there is an urgent need to redesign health interventions to address these health burdens among grandparent caregivers and to take cognisance of providing economic and social support for these vulnerable populations.

Keywords: ageing; caregivers; demography; gerontology; grandparents; health; orphans.

Figure A1

Flowchart depicting the 5 waves of the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS), illustrating the number of respondents in each wave and the selection process for the study problem.

Figure A2

Graph showing the percentage distribution of grouped age of grandparents caring for double orphans (the percentage distribution was calculated by dividing the number of grandparent caregivers of each age group by the total number of grandparent caregivers in each stratification and multiplied by 100).

Figure A3

Graph showing percentage distribution of sex of grandparents caring for double orphans (the percentage distribution was calculated by dividing the number of grandparent caregivers of each sex by the total of grandparent caregivers in each stratification and multiplied by 100).

Figure A4

Graph showing the percentage distribution of the population group of grandparents caring for double orphans (the percentage distribution was calculated by dividing the number of grandparent caregivers of each age group by the total number of grandparent caregivers in each stratification and multiplied by 100).

Figure A5

Graph showing the prevalence of grandparents caring for double orphans with health challenges by sex (the prevalence is calculated by dividing the number of grandparent caregivers of each sex who reported having health conditions by the total number of grandparent caregivers in the sample and multiplied by 100).

Figure A6

Graph showing the prevalence of grandparents caring for double orphans with health challenges by age (25–65+) (the prevalence is calculated by dividing the number of grandparent caregivers in each age group who reported having health conditions by the total number of grandparent caregivers in the sample and multiplied by 100).

Figure A7

Graph showing the prevalence of grandparents caring for double orphans with health challenges by population group (the prevalence is calculated by dividing the number of grandparent caregivers of each population group who reported having health conditions by the total number of grandparent caregivers in the sample and multiplied by 100).