Advanced HIV disease in Homa Bay County, Kenya: Characteristics of newly-diagnosed and antiretroviral therapy-experienced clients

Abstract

Advanced HIV disease (AHD) remains a significant burden, despite the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) programs. Individuals with AHD are at a high risk of death even after starting ART. We characterized treatment naïve and treatment experienced clients presenting with AHD in western Kenya to inform service delivery and program improvement. We conducted a retrospective study using routinely collected program data from October 2016 to September 2019 for AHD clients in eight facilities in Homa Bay County, Kenya. Demographic and clinical data were abstracted from the medical records of AHD clients, defined as HIV-positive clients aged ≥ 5 years with documented CD4 count < 200 cells/mm3 and/or WHO clinical stage II/IV. Associations were assessed using Pearson's chi-square and Mann-Whitney Rank-Sum tests at 5% level of significance. Of the 19,427 HIV clients at the eight facilities, 6649 (34%) had a CD4 count < 200 cells/mm3 or a WHO III/IV stage. Of these, 1845 were randomly selected for analysis. Over half (991) of participants were aged 45 + years and 1040 (56%) were female. The median age was 46.0 years (interquartile range: 39.2-54.5); 1553 (84%) were in care at county and sub-county hospitals; and 1460 (79%) were WHO stage III/IV at enrollment. At ART initiation, 241 (13%) had tuberculosis, 192 (10%) had chronic diarrhea, and 94 (5%) had Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. At the time of data collection, 89 (5%) participants had died and 140 (8%) were lost to follow-up. Eighteen percent (330) of participants were ART-experienced (on ART for ≥ 3 months). The proportions of ART-experienced and -naïve clients regarding age, sex and marital status were similar. However, a higher proportion of ART-experienced clients received care at primary care facilities, (93(28%) vs. 199 (13%); P < .001); were WHO stage 3/4 at AHD diagnosis, 273 (84%) vs. 1187 (79%) (P = .041); and had died or been LTFU, (124 (38%) vs. 105 (7%); P < .001). With increasing prevalence of patients on ART, the proportion of AHD treatment-experienced clients may increase without effective interventions to ensure that these patients remain in care.

Figure 1.

Study Flowchart. Study flow chart of sampled AHD clients in selected sites in Homa Bay County. The flow chart shows the sampled AHD clients in selected sites in Homa Bay county, disaggregated by ART-experienced and newly diagnosed. The sample was drawn from patients who were enrolled in care from October 2016 to September 2019 in the selected study facilities.