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. 2023 Dec 9;10(12):1406.
doi: 10.3390/bioengineering10121406.

Study on Surface Roughness, Morphology, and Wettability of Laser-Modified Powder Metallurgy-Processed Ti-Graphite Composite Intended for Dental Application

Peter Šugár  1 , Richard Antala  1 , Jana Šugárová  1 , Jaroslav Kováčik  2 , Vladimír Pata  3
Affiliations

Study on Surface Roughness, Morphology, and Wettability of Laser-Modified Powder Metallurgy-Processed Ti-Graphite Composite Intended for Dental Application

Peter Šugár et al. Bioengineering (Basel). .

Abstract

In this study, the surface laser treatment of a new type of dental biomaterial, a Ti-graphite composite, prepared by low-temperature powder metallurgy, was investigated. Different levels of output laser power and the scanning speed of the fiber nanosecond laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm and argon as a shielding gas were used in this experiment. The surface integrity of the machined surfaces was evaluated to identify the potential for the dental implant's early osseointegration process, including surface roughness parameter documentation by contact and non-contact methods, surface morphology assessment by scanning electron microscopy, and surface wettability estimation using the sessile drop technique. The obtained results showed that the surface roughness parameters attributed to high osseointegration relevance (Rsk, Rku, and Rsm) were not significantly influenced by laser power, and on the other hand, the scanning speed seems to have the most prevalent effect on surface roughness when exhibiting statistical differences in all evaluated profile roughness parameters except Rvk. The obtained laser-modified surfaces were hydrophilic, with a contact angle in the range of 62.3° to 83.2°.

Keywords: composite; contact angle; laser; machining; morphology; powder metallurgy; roughness; surface; titanium.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
SEM and EBSD analysis of the experimental HDH Ti—graphite composite: (a) CP HDH Ti powder at 750× magnification; (b) graphite flakes at 2000× magnification; (c) structure of the final Ti-graphite composite; (d,e) phases distribution mapping (Ti—green color, graphite—cyan color).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Experimental setup: (a) laser machining center Lasertec 80 Shape; (b) machine workspace; (c) shielding system with non-irradiated specimen marked by a green-dashed square; (d) scheme of pulse mode. 1—lighting, 2—laser beam output, 3—measuring probe, 4—CCD camera, 5—Ar shielding system, 6—worktable kinematics, D—spot diameter, DL—pulse-to-pulse distance, OL—lateral overlapping, DT—transversal spacing, OT—transversal overlapping.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Evaluation of profile roughness parameters of surfaces P1–P5 after laser treatment applying different values of laser power: (a) Ra; (b) Rp and Rv; (c) Rz; (d) Rsk and Rku; (e) Rsm; (f) Rpk and Rvk.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Abbott–Firestone curves after laser irradiation of samples P1–P5.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Evaluation of surface roughness parameters of samples V1–V5: (a) Ra; (b) Rp and Rv; (c) Rz; (d) Rsk and Rku; (e) Rsm; (f) Rpk and Rvk.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Evaluation of Abbott–Firestone curves after laser irradiation of samples V1–V5.
Figure 7
Figure 7
3D maps of the surfaces: (a) P2; (b) V2; (c) P4; (d) V1 (surface area 0.8 × 0.8 mm).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the machined surfaces: (a) surface P1 (P = 4 W, ET = 0.5 mJ); (b) surface P3 (P = 12 W, ET = 1.5 mJ); (c) surface P5 (P = 20 W, ET = 2.5 mJ).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the machined surfaces: (a) V1 (vs. = 500 mm·s−1, ET = 2 mJ); (b) V2 (vs. = 1000 mm·s−1, ET = 1 mJ); (c) V4 (vs. = 2000 mm·s−1, ET = 0.5 mJ); (d) V5 (vs. = 2500 mm·s−1, ET = 0.4 mJ).
Figure 10
Figure 10
Minimal and maximal contact angles: (a,b) group of the surfaces P (P3, P5); (c,d) group of the surfaces V (V1, V5).
Figure 11
Figure 11
Evaluation of contact angle: (a) surfaces P1–P5, (b) surfaces V1–V5.
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