Combined Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Effect of Selenium Fertilization on Lycium barbarum Fruit

Abstract

As a beneficial nutrient and essential trace element, selenium plays a significant role in plant growth functions and human protein biosynthesis. Plant selenium enrichment is mainly obtained from both natural soil and exogenous selenium supplementation, while human beings consume selenium-enriched foods for the purposes of selenium supplementation. In this study, different types of selenium fertilizers were sprayed onto Lycium barbarum in Ningxia, and transcriptomics and metabolomics techniques were used to explore the effects of selenium on the fruit differentials and differential genes in Lycium barbarum. Taking the "Ning Qiyi No.1" wolfberry as the research object, sodium selenite, nano-selenium, and organic selenium were sprayed at a concentration of 100 mg·L^-1 three times from the first fruiting period to the harvesting period, with a control treatment comprising the spraying of clear water. We determined the major metabolites and differential genes of the amino acids and derivatives, flavonoids, and alkaloids in ripe wolfberries. We found that spraying selenium significantly enhanced the Lycium barbarum metabolic differentiators; the most effective spray was the organic selenium, with 129 major metabolic differentiators and 10 common metabolic pathways screened after spraying. Nano-selenium was the next best fertilizer we screened, with 111 major metabolic differentiators, the same number as organic selenium in terms of differential genes and common metabolite pathways. Sodium selenite was the least effective of the three, with only 59 of its major metabolic differentials screened, but its differential genes and metabolites were enriched for five common pathways.

Keywords: Lycium barbarum; differential genes; differential metabolites; exogenous selenium.

Figure 1

Volcano plot of differential metabolites in Lycium barbarum fruit samples ((A): sodium selenite (SE1), (B): nano-selenium (SE2), and (C): organic selenium (SE3), versus sprayed water control (CK)).

Figure 2

Volcano map of differentially expressed genes in Lycium barbarum samples ((A): sodium selenite (SE1), (B): nano-selenium (SE2), and (C): organic selenium (SE3), versus sprayed water control (CK)).

Figure 3

GO enrichment bar chart of differentially expressed genes in Lycium barbarum samples: ((A): sodium selenite (SE1), (B): nano-selenium (SE2), and (C): organic selenium (SE3), versus sprayed water control (CK)).

Figure 4

Analysis of KEGG pathways for differential genes in Lycium barbarum samples: (A): sodium selenite (SE1), (B): nano-selenium (SE2), and (C): organic selenium (SE3), versus sprayed water control (CK).

Figure 5

KEGG enrichment histogram of differential metabolites and differential genes in Lycium barbarum samples. (A): sodium selenite (SE1), (B): nano-selenium (SE2), and (C): organic selenium (SE3), versus sprayed water control (CK).

Figure 6

Layout of the field trial.

Figure 7

Illumina sequencing principle schematic.