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Review
. 2023 Dec 6;16(24):7531.
doi: 10.3390/ma16247531.

Three-Dimensional Printing of Multifunctional Composites: Fabrication, Applications, and Biodegradability Assessment

Beata Anwajler  1 , Anna Witek-Krowiak  2
Affiliations
Review

Three-Dimensional Printing of Multifunctional Composites: Fabrication, Applications, and Biodegradability Assessment

Beata Anwajler et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

Additive manufacturing, with its wide range of printable materials, and ability to minimize material usage, reduce labor costs, and minimize waste, has sparked a growing enthusiasm among researchers for the production of advanced multifunctional composites. This review evaluates recent reports on polymer composites used in 3D printing, and their printing techniques, with special emphasis on composites containing different types of additives (inorganic and biomass-derived) that support the structure of the prints. Possible applications for additive 3D printing have also been identified. The biodegradation potential of polymeric biocomposites was analyzed and possible pathways for testing in different environments (aqueous, soil, and compost) were identified, including different methods for evaluating the degree of degradation of samples. Guidelines for future research to ensure environmental safety were also identified.

Keywords: 3D printing; AM technology; biocomposites; biodegradability composites; biofibers; biomass; methods assessing biodegradability; multifunctional composites; natural fillers.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Number of publications from 2014–2023 containing selected methodology keywords (biodegradation AND (3D print) AND ((polylactic acid) OR PLA) OR (polyhydroxyalkanoate OR PHA) OR ((polybutylene succinate) OR PBS) OR ((poly lactic-co-glycolic acid) OR PLGA) OR ((polybutylene adipate terephthalate) OR PBAT) OR (polycaprolactone OR PCL) OR starch).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Share of specific polymers in search results selected methodology keywords (biodegradation AND (3D print) AND ((polylactic acid) OR PLA) OR (polyhydroxyalkanoate OR PHA) OR ((polybutylene succinate) OR PBS) OR ((poly lactic-co-glycolic acid) OR PLGA) OR ((polybutylene adipate terephthalate) OR PBAT) OR (polycaprolactone OR PCL) OR starch).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Biodegradation mechanisms (created with Biorender.com). Based on [5].
Figure 4
Figure 4
Various environments and methods to evaluate biodegradability (created with Biorender.com). Based on [5].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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