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Review
. 2023 Dec 5;24(24):17157.
doi: 10.3390/ijms242417157.

Advances in Detection Techniques for the H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus

Xianshu Fu  1 , Qian Wang  1 , Biao Ma  1 , Biao Zhang  1 , Kai Sun  1 , Xiaoping Yu  1 , Zihong Ye  1 , Mingzhou Zhang  1
Affiliations
Review

Advances in Detection Techniques for the H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus

Xianshu Fu et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Avian influenza is caused by avian influenza virus infection; the H5N1 avian influenza virus is a highly pathogenic subtype, affecting poultry and human health. Since the discovery of the highly pathogenic subtype of the H5N1 avian influenza virus, it has caused enormous losses to the poultry farming industry. It was recently found that the H5N1 avian influenza virus tends to spread among mammals. Therefore, early rapid detection methods are highly significant for effectively preventing the spread of H5N1. This paper discusses the detection technologies used in the detection of the H5N1 avian influenza virus, including serological detection technology, immunological detection technology, molecular biology detection technology, genetic detection technology, and biosensors. Comparisons of these detection technologies were analyzed, aiming to provide some recommendations for the detection of the H5N1 avian influenza virus.

Keywords: H5N1 subtype; avian influenza virus; detection technology.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Principles of collagen gold immunochromatography technology.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Principles of PCR. (By Figdraw, https://www.figdraw.com): (a) DNA template thermal deformation: DNA double-stranded unraveling; (b) complementary sequence pairing and binding between the primer and a single strand of template DNA; (c) synthesis of new strands under the action of DNA polymerase.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The principle of RPA (By Figdraw.): (a) primer binding to recombinase; (b) strand displacement; (c) polymerase-guided new-chain synthesis; (d) homoduplex separation; (e) two duplexes form.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The principle of LAMP: (a) the F2 sequence of the primer combines with the F2c region of the template to synthesize complementary chains with the template; (b) the F3 sequence of the primer is combined with the F3c region of the template to extend and initiate chain substitution; (c) formation of new double chains and replacement of single chains; (d) the replaced single-chain F1 region complements the F1c region to form a circular structure, the replaced single-stranded F1 region complements the F1c region to form a circular structure, and the primer B2 sequence complements and extends the single-stranded B2c region; (e) formation of a new double chain; (f) the primer B3 sequence complements, extends, and initiates chain substitution with the B3c region of the template chain; (g) formation of new double chains and replaced single chains, with complementary F1 sequences and F1c sequences at both ends of the replaced single chain, and complementary B1 sequences and B1c sequences, forming a circular structure; (h) exponential amplification. The orange and black arrow indicate the direction of amplification and the amplification process, respectively.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The principle of NASBA (By Figdraw.): (a) Primer 1 binds to the 3′ end of the template chain; (b) synthetic cDNA; (c) RNase H breaks down RNA template chains; (d) Primer 2 binds to the 5′ end of DNA; (e) T7 RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA chains.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The light source of the SPR biosensor is polarized light, and the sensing chip is coated with a layer of gold film. In the experiment, a target molecule is fixed on the surface of the gold film, and then the molecules that interact with it are dissolved in the solution and flow through the chip surface, causing the SPR angle to change accordingly.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Principles of impedance biosensors.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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