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. 2023 Dec 6;15(24):4627.
doi: 10.3390/polym15244627.

Valorisation of Chitosan Natural Building Block as a Primary Strategy for the Development of Sustainable Fully Bio-Based Epoxy Resins

Iolanda Fusteș-Dămoc  1   2 , Roxana Dinu  1 , Teodor Măluțan  2 , Alice Mija  1
Affiliations

Valorisation of Chitosan Natural Building Block as a Primary Strategy for the Development of Sustainable Fully Bio-Based Epoxy Resins

Iolanda Fusteș-Dămoc et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

The non-toxic and biodegradable nature of chitosan makes it a valuable resource offering promising opportunities in the development of bio-based materials with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties. In this work, the combination of epoxidized linseed oil, oxalic or citric acids, and chitosan (CHI) as a curing accelerator presents an attractive strategy to create bio-based and sustainable thermosetting materials. This article aims to provide a comprehensive exploration of the systems reactivities, characteristics, and performance evaluation of the designed bio-thermosets. Both the nature of the two carboxylic acids and the presence of chitosan are shown to have a big impact on the thermomechanical properties of the developed networks. While oxalic acid favours the formation of elastic networks, with low Tg values (increasing with CHI content between 0.7 and 8.5 °C) and relatively low Young's modulus (~2.5 MPa), citric acid promotes the formation of very dense networks with lower mass of the segments between the crosslinks, having 20 times higher Tg values (from 36 to 45 °C) and ~161 times higher Young's modulus (from 94 MPa up to 404 MPa in these systems). The CHI has a strong impact on the curing reaction and on the overall properties, by increasing the materials' performance.

Keywords: biopolymer; chitosan; epoxidized vegetable oil; materials; thermosets.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Potential reactions that can occur in ELO/CHI/acid mixtures.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Evolution of FT-IR spectra during heating from 30 to 180 °C. Comparison of formulations with OA: ELO//OA; ELO/2CHI//OA; ELO/3CHI//OA; and ELO/4CHI//OA.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Evolution of FT-IR spectra during heating from 30 to 180 °C. Comparison of formulations with CA: ELO//CA; ELO/2CHI//CA; ELO/3CHI//CA and ELO/4CHI//CA.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Conversion of functional groups (%) as a function of temperature for the ELO/CHI//OA and ELO/CHI//CA systems.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Dynamic DSC thermograms for ELO//CA systems with different percentages of chitosan.
Figure 5
Figure 5
TGA and DTG curves of the ELO-based systems crosslinked with OA or CA and loaded with different mass percentages of chitosan.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) Storage modulus and (b) damping factor vs. temperature for the biobased thermoset materials.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Tensile properties of the (a) ELO/CHI//CA and (b) ELO/CHI//OA systems.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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