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. 2023 Dec 8;12(24):4107.
doi: 10.3390/plants12244107.

The Influences of Soil and Meteorological Factors on the Growth and Fruit Quality of Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

Yanjun Duan  1   2   3 , Shuang Liu  1   2   3 , Ying Zhu  1   2   3 , Yongkang Wang  4 , Fenfen Yan  5 , Zhiguo Liu  1   2   3 , Xiaoxin Shi  6 , Ping Liu  1   2   3 , Mengjun Liu  1   2   3
Affiliations

The Influences of Soil and Meteorological Factors on the Growth and Fruit Quality of Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

Yanjun Duan et al. Plants (Basel). .

Abstract

Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is attracting more and more attention worldwide due to their tasty and nutritious fruit with extremely high contents of vitamin C (Vc) and soluble sugar. In order to find out the main factors that influence jujube growth and reproductive adaptability, the phenological periods, vegetative growths, fruiting abilities, and fruit qualities of eight newly released cultivars were compared and comprehensively analyzed in three representative ecological sites of the three main jujube-producing regions including Fuping (Hebei), Taigu (Shanxi), and Alar (Xinjiang) in China. Our results showed that the characteristics of jujube cultivars were significantly affected by soil and meteorological factors. The fruit number per bearing shoot was much more affected by temperature, light, and rainfall. The fruit number per bearing shoot, contents of soluble solids, and soluble sugar and Vc contents in fruits were influenced more by meteorological factors. The content of flavonoids was affected by both soil and meteorological factors. A principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that cultivars suitable for planting in Fuping (Hebei) were Yuhong and Lengbaiyu. Zaocuimi, Fucuimi, and Zaoqiuhong were suitable to be cultivated in Taigu (Shanxi), while Zaocuimi, Yuhong, Yulu, Luzao 2, and Yueguang behaved better in Alar (Xinjiang). This study provides insights of the environmental factors on jujube yield and quality and therefore provides references for highly efficient jujube cultivation.

Keywords: climatic adaptability; fruit quality; jujube; principal component analysis; redundancy analysis; soil nutrients.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Meteorological factors in different test sites in 2021. Note: HB—Fuping (Hebei), SX—Taigu (Shanxi), XJ—Alar (Xinjiang). Same below.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Meteorological factors in different test sites in 2022.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Nutritional quality of jujube cultivars in different test sites in 2021. ((A): soluble solid content; (B): soluble sugar content; (C): titratable acid content; (D): Vc content; (E): total flavonoid content; (F): total phenols content; (G): solidity acid ratio; (H): sugar acid ratio). Note: HB: Fuping (Hebei), SX: Taigu (Shanxi), XJ: Alar (Xinjiang). FCM (Fucuimi), LBY (Lengbaiyu), LZ 2 (Luzao 2), YH (Yuhong), YL (Yulu), YG (Yueguang), ZCM (Zaocuimi), and ZQH (Zaoqiuhong). Bar charts of different colors represent different test sites. Different letters represent significant differences among regions in the same cultivar (p ≤ 0.05).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Nutritional quality of jujube cultivars in different test sites in 2022. ((A): soluble solid content; (B): soluble sugar content; (C): titratable acid content; (D): Vc content; (E): total flavonoid content; (F): total phenols content; (G): solidity acid ratio; (H): sugar acid ratio). Different letters represent significant differences among regions in the same cultivar (p ≤ 0.05).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Relationship between jujube fruit characteristics and climate variables analyzed using CANOCO (5.12) software RDA. Note: AverageT—average temperature; Max T—mean maximum air temperature; Min T—mean minimum air temperature; Din T—temperature difference; RH—relative humidity; SUN—sunshine duration; TSS—total soluble solid; TA—titratable acid; SS—soluble sugar; RSA—ratio of total soluble solid to acid; RTA—ratio of sugar to acid; FNPBS—fruit number per bearing shoot; TP—total phenols; TF—total flavonoids; Weight—fruit weight.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Relationship between jujube fruit traits and soil environmental variables analyzed using CANOCO (5.12) software RDA. Note: OM—organic matter; TotalN—total nitrogen; TotalP—total phosphorus; TotalK—total potassium; AlkalN—alkaline nitrogen; AvailP—available phosphorus; AlkalK—available potassium; EC—electrical conductivity; ExchaCa—exchangeable calcium; ExchaMg—exchangeable magnesium; AvailFe—available iron; AvailMn—available manganese; AvailZn—available zinc; TSS—total soluble solid; TA—titratable acid; VitamC—vitamin C; SS—soluble sugar; RSA—ratio of total soluble solid to acid; RTA—ratio of sugar to acid; FNPBS—fruit number per bearing shoot; TP—total phenols; TF—total flavonoids; Weight—fruit weight.
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