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Review
. 2023 Dec 15;15(12):2433.
doi: 10.3390/v15122433.

Influenza D in Domestic and Wild Animals

Malgorzata Kwasnik  1 , Jerzy Rola  1 , Wojciech Rozek  1
Affiliations
Review

Influenza D in Domestic and Wild Animals

Malgorzata Kwasnik et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

Influenza D virus (IDV) infections have been observed in animals worldwide, confirmed through both serological and molecular tests, as well as virus isolation. IDV possesses unique properties that distinguish it from other influenza viruses, primarily attributed to the hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) surface glycoprotein, which determines the virus' tropism and wide host range. Cattle are postulated to be the reservoir of IDV, and the virus is identified as one of the causative agents of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) syndrome. Animals associated with humans and susceptible to IDV infection include camels, pigs, small ruminants, and horses. Notably, high seroprevalence towards IDV, apart from cattle, is also observed in camels, potentially constituting a reservoir of the virus. Among wild and captive animals, IDV infections have been confirmed in feral pigs, wild boars, deer, hedgehogs, giraffes, wildebeests, kangaroos, wallabies, and llamas. The transmission potential and host range of IDV may contribute to future viral differentiation. It has been confirmed that influenza D may pose a threat to humans as a zoonosis, with seroprevalence noted in people with professional contact with cattle.

Keywords: IDV; epidemiology; influenza D virus; wild animals; zoonosis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
World map: countries where the occurrence of Influenza D has been confirmed molecularly or serologically are marked in purple (Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Nigeria, Republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Turkey, UK, and USA) (map.chart.net accessed on 1 September 2023).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic view of influenza virions. RNA segments are indicated. glycan binding preferences are presented at magnification. HA—hemagglutinin; HEF—hemagglutinin esterase fusion protein.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Phylogenetic tree based on nucleotide sequences of IDV HEF segment (674 nt fragments). Maximum likelihood analysis in combination with 1000 bootstrap replicates was used; bootstrap values were given at relevant nodes. IDV HEF sequences available in the GenBank database were included in the analysis; their accession numbers are submitted in the figure.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Schematic host range of IDV.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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