Our Health Counts: Examining associations between colonialism and ever being incarcerated among First Nations, Inuit, and Métis people in London, Thunder Bay, and Toronto, Canada
- PMID: 38158518
- PMCID: PMC11582257
- DOI: 10.17269/s41997-023-00838-6
Our Health Counts: Examining associations between colonialism and ever being incarcerated among First Nations, Inuit, and Métis people in London, Thunder Bay, and Toronto, Canada
Abstract
Objectives: Indigenous peoples have a disproportionately high prevalence of incarceration in the Canadian justice system. However, there is limited Indigenous-driven research examining colonialism and the justice system, specifically associations between racism, externally imposed family disruptions, and history of ever being incarcerated. Therefore, this study examined the association between the proportion of previous incarceration and family disruption, experiences of racism, and victimization for Indigenous adults in London, Thunder Bay, and Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The three communities expressed that they did not want comparison between the communities; rather, they wanted analysis of their community to understand where more supports were needed.
Methods: Indigenous community partners used respondent-driven sampling (RDS) to collect data from First Nations, Inuit, and Métis (FNIM) peoples in London, Thunder Bay, and Toronto. Prevalence estimates, 95% confidence intervals, and relative risk were reported using unweighted Poisson models and RDS-adjusted proportions.
Results: Proportions of ever being incarcerated ranged from 43.0% in London to 54.0% in Toronto and 72.0% in Thunder Bay. In all three cities, history of child protection involvement and experiencing racism was associated with an approximate 25.0% increase in risk for previous incarceration. In Toronto and London, victimization was associated with increased risk for incarceration.
Conclusion: This research highlights disproportionately high prevalence of ever being incarcerated among FNIM living in three Ontario cities. Experiencing racism, family disruption, and victimization are associated with incarceration. Decreasing the rates of family disruption, experiences of racism, and victimization should inform future policy and services to reduce the disproportionately high prevalence of incarceration for FNIM people living in urban settings.
RéSUMé: OBJECTIFS: Les personnes autochtones présentent une prévalence démesurément élevée d’incarcération dans le système judiciaire canadien. Il y a cependant peu d’études dirigées par des Autochtones sur le colonialisme et le système judiciaire, en particulier sur les associations entre le racisme, les perturbations familiales imposées de l’extérieur et les antécédents d’incarcération. C’est pourquoi nous avons fait porter notre étude sur l’association entre la proportion d’incarcérations antérieures et de perturbations familiales, les expériences de racisme et la victimisation chez les adultes autochtones vivant à London, Thunder Bay et Toronto (Ontario), au Canada. Les trois villes ont dit ne pas vouloir que nous fassions de comparaisons entre elles; elles voulaient plutôt des analyses de leur ville pour savoir où des mesures de soutien supplémentaires étaient nécessaires. MéTHODE: Des partenaires associatifs autochtones ont utilisé l’échantillonnage en fonction des répondants (EFR) pour collecter des données auprès des personnes des Premières Nations, des Inuits et des Métis (PNIM) à London, Thunder Bay et Toronto. Les estimations de prévalence, les intervalles de confiance de 95 % et le risque relatif ont été présentés à l’aide de modèles de Poisson non pondérés et de proportions ajustées selon l’EFR. RéSULTATS: La proportion de répondantes et de répondants ayant déjà été incarcérés était de 43 % à London, de 54 % à Toronto et de 72 % à Thunder Bay. Dans les trois villes, la fréquentation des services de protection de l’enfance et l’expérience du racisme étaient associées à une hausse d’environ 25 % du risque d’incarcération antérieure. À Toronto et à London, la victimisation était associée à un risque accru d’incarcération. CONCLUSION: Cette étude souligne la prévalence démesurément élevée de l’incarcération antérieure chez les personnes PNIM vivant dans trois villes de l’Ontario. L’expérience du racisme, les perturbations familiales et la victimisation étaient associées à l’incarcération. La réduction des taux de perturbations familiales, d’expérience du racisme et de victimisation devrait éclairer les politiques et les services futurs afin de réduire la prévalence démesurément élevée de l’incarcération chez les personnes PNIM vivant en milieu urbain.
Keywords: Anti-Indigenous racism; Foster care; Incarceration; Residential schools; Urban Indigenous health; Victimization.
© 2023. The Author(s).
Conflict of interest statement
Declarations. Ethics approval: St. Michael’s Hospital Research Ethics Board. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests.
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