Stillbirth risk factors, causes and evaluation

Abstract

Stillbirth impacts 5.73 per 1,000 births in the United States and this rate exceeds that of contemporary high-resource countries.^1,2 Risk factors include both demographic and medical characteristics. There are also numerous pathophysiologic mechanisms that can lead to stillbirth. Unfortunately, these risk factors are fairly common, making stillbirth risk stratification and prevention challenging. This is due in part to a large number of unexplained stillbirths. In a large, multi-center study of stillbirths, approximately 24% of stillbirths remained unexplained following thorough, standardized evaluation.³ The number of unexplained stillbirths is unquestionably larger outside of a rigorous study protocol, but real-world data are lacking. This large proportion of unexplained stillbirth cases makes achieving further decreases in the stillbirth rate difficult given lack of understanding of underlying causes in this population. Cause of death identification can be improved with adoption of an evidence-based, comprehensive stillbirth evaluation.

Keywords: fetal anomalies; placental pathology; stillbirth.