Anlotinib alone or in combination with bevacizumab in the treatment of recurrent high-grade glioma: a prospective single-arm, open-label phase II trial

Abstract

Background: Anlotinib is a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), and c-Kit. This phase II study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of anlotinib, either alone or in combination with bevacizumab (Bev) for recurrent high-grade glioma (rHGG) (NCT04822805, 30/03/2021).

Methods: Eligible patients had a histological diagnosis of rHGG with first or subsequent recurrences. All patients received oral anlotinib 12 mg or 10 mg on days 1-14 (repeated every 21 days). In cases where brain magnetic resonance imaging examination revealed an increase in peritumoral edema without worsening of symptoms, patients received a temporary treatment of intravenous bevacizumab 10 mg/kg to alleviate edema. The primary endpoint was the median progression-free survival (mPFS), and the secondary endpoints included median overall survival (mOS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and safety.

Results: Twenty-five patients with rHGG were included in the efficacy and safety assessments. Eighteen patients received anlotinib alone, and seven patients received anlotinib in combination with Bev. For all patients, the mPFS and mOS were 5.0 months and 13.6 months, respectively. The ORR was 32%, and the DCR was 96%. It is noteworthy that the survival and response data of recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM) exhibit similarities to those of rHGG. For rGBM patients, there were no significant differences in mPFS, mOS, ORR, or DCR between the anlotinib alone and anlotinib + Bev groups. However, the incidence of treatment-related adverse events of any grade was higher in the anlotinib + Bev group compared to the anlotinib alone group (100% vs. 78%, p = 0.041).

Conclusions: Both anlotinib alone and its combination with Bev demonstrated good efficacy and safety in the treatment of rHGG.

Keywords: Anlotinib; Bevacizumab; Multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor; Recurrent high-grade glioma.

Fig. 1

The study flow diagram

Fig. 2

illustrates the Kaplan-Meier curves of progression-free survival (A) and overall survival (B) of all patients. Additionally, Fig. 2 also displays the Kaplan-Meier curves for progression-free survival (C) and overall survival (D) for the comparison between the anlotinib and anlotinib + bevacizumab groups

Fig. 3

The best response to treatment