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. 2024 Jan 2;14(1):98.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-50555-w.

Factors influencing sex ratio at birth in Krosno, Poland

Joanna Nieczuja-Dwojacka  1 , Justyna Marchewka-Długońska  2 , Alicja Budnik  2 , Patryk Wojtowicz  2 , Bogdan Giemza  3 , Bożena Skrzypczyk  3 , Aneta Zvarik  3
Affiliations

Factors influencing sex ratio at birth in Krosno, Poland

Joanna Nieczuja-Dwojacka et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

The secondary sex ratio (SSR) is a widely used descriptor that reflects the living conditions and health status during pregnancy. The aim of study was to assess the impact of maternal factors, season of birth, and air pollution with the heating season on the sex ratio at birth in the Subcarpathian population from the Krosno district, Poland. A retrospective study involving 11,587 births was occurred at the John Paul II Podkarpackie Province Hospital in Krosno between 2016 and 2020. Sex of the newborn, the season of their birth, as well as the maternal age, birth order, the interval between births, and the season of birth were analysed. Furthermore, the relationship between the SSR and the level of air pollution during the heating season was investigated. To determine the significance of differences in sex ratios, chi-square analysis and multifactorial regression were used, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. At the chi-square level, all the studied factors indicated a statistically significant relationship with the SSR. However, the regression model used shows that maternal age and birth order were the most important factors in shaping the SSR in the study group.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
SSR and percentage ratio of boys and girls born in particular months of the year.
Figure 2
Figure 2
SSR and concentration of PM10 [µg/mm3], PM2.5 [µg/mm3], SO2 [µg/m3], NOx [µg/m3], and PAH [ng/m3].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Fertilization month and concentration of PM10 [µg/mm3], PM2.5 [µg/mm3], SO2 [µg/m3], NOx [µg/m3], and PAH [ng/m3]. [1–12—subsequent months].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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