Spotlight on therapeutic efficiency of green synthesis metals and their oxide nanoparticles in periodontitis

Abstract

Periodontitis, one of the most prevalent dental diseases, causes the loss of bone and gum tissue that hold teeth in place. Several bacteria, commonly present in clinically healthy oral cavities, may induce and perpetuate periodontitis when their concentration rises in the gingival sulcus. Antibacterial effect against various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including pathogenic and drug-resistant ones, has been shown for several distinct transient metal and metal oxide NPs. Therefore, NPs may be used in biomedicine to treat periodontal problems and in nanotechnology to inhibit the development of microorganisms. Instead of using harmful chemicals or energy-intensive machinery, biosynthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) has been suggested. To produce metal and metal oxide NPs, the ideal technique is "Green" synthesis because of its low toxicity and safety for human health and the environment. Gold NPs (AuNPs) appear to be less toxic to mammalian cells than other nanometals because their antibacterial activity is not dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS). AgNPs also possess chemical stability, catalytic activity, and superior electrical and thermal conductivity, to name a few of their other advantageous characteristics. It was observed that zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs and copper (Cu) NPs exhibited discernible inhibitory effects against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains, respectively. ZnO NPs demonstrated bactericidal activity against the microorganisms responsible for periodontitis. Medications containing magnetic NPs are highly effective against multidrug-resistant bacterial and fungal infections. The titanium dioxide (TiO₂) NPs are implicated in elevating salivary peroxidase activity in individuals diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Furthermore, specific metallic NPs have the potential to enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of periodontitis treatments when combined. Therefore, these NPs, as well as their oxide NPs, are only some of the metals and metal oxides that have been synthesized in environmentally friendly ways and shown to have therapeutic benefits against periodontitis.

Keywords: Antibacterial; Green synthesize; Metal nanoparticles; Metal oxide Nanoparticles; Periodontitis.

Fig. 1

A diagrammatic depiction of periodontitis. Gingivitis is distinguished by the presence of inflamed, red, and oozing gums that encircle the teeth. Although periodontal disease exhibits similar symptoms, it additionally manifests as bone loss. A viscous substance called plaque, which is produced in the oral cavity by food, saliva, and bacteria, irritates the gum tissue by coating the tooth both above and below the gumline. Plaque, if not eliminated, solidifies into calculus, a substance that becomes exceedingly challenging to remove. Plaque and calculus microorganisms have the potential to eventually obliterate the bone and gingival tissue that surround the teeth. This results in the formation of deep fissures, bone atrophy, and potential tooth loss [12]

Fig. 2

Interventions for periodontitis. The initial line of defense in treating periodontal disease is a thorough cleansing procedure consisting of root planning and debridement. Tartar and pathogens are eliminated from tooth surfaces and below the gingival line through scaling. Utilizing instruments, a laser, or an ultrasonic device, can be achieved. Antibiotics are an additional prevalent non-surgical way to treat periodontal disease. Proficient periodontal antibiotics are specifically formulated for deep pocket placement within the gums by dental practitioners, to address bacterial infections that have spread to the root and gumline. Occasionally, oral antibiotics are required to eliminate infection-causing microorganisms [17, 18]

Fig. 3

Diagram illustrating the processes involved in the extracellular and intracellular production of metal NPs. metal NPs are produced extracellularly by ensnaring metal ions on the cell wall and reducing them in the presence of metabolites or released enzymes. Following the passage of metal ions into the cytoplasm of the cell, the metal ions are reduced during the intracellular production of metal NPs due to metabolic interactions with enzymes such as nitrate reductase [65]

Fig. 4

Schematic representation of the mechanisms of green synthesis (GS) of metal and metal oxide NPs by different parts of plants

Fig. 5

metal and metal oxide NPs such as AgNPs and AuNPs have green synthesis mechanism (A) and antibacterial effects (B)

Fig. 6

CME-CuNPs antibacterial effects on different bacteria strains in periodontitis treatment