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Review
. 2024 Feb:100:104963.
doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104963. Epub 2024 Jan 5.

Glioblastoma vaccines: past, present, and opportunities

Zujian Xiong  1 , Itay Raphael  2 , Michael Olin  3 , Hideho Okada  4 , Xuejun Li  5 , Gary Kohanbash  6
Affiliations
Review

Glioblastoma vaccines: past, present, and opportunities

Zujian Xiong et al. EBioMedicine. 2024 Feb.

Abstract

Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most lethal central nervous systems (CNS) tumours in adults. As supplements to standard of care (SOC), various immunotherapies improve the therapeutic effect in other cancers. Among them, tumour vaccines can serve as complementary monotherapy or boost the clinical efficacy with other immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) therapy. Previous studies in GBM therapeutic vaccines have suggested that few neoantigens could be targeted in GBM due to low mutation burden, and single-peptide therapeutic vaccination had limited efficacy in tumour control as monotherapy. Combining diverse antigens, including neoantigens, tumour-associated antigens (TAAs), and pathogen-derived antigens, and optimizing vaccine design or vaccination strategy may help with clinical efficacy improvement. In this review, we discussed current GBM therapeutic vaccine platforms, evaluated and potential antigenic targets, current challenges, and perspective opportunities for efficacy improvement.

Keywords: Glioblastoma; Tumour antigen; Vaccine efficacy; Vaccine perspective; Vaccine platform.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests All authors have nothing to disclosure.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
GBM vaccine composition. Left, the antigen type for the GBM vaccine. Right, the vaccine platform used in GBM vaccine delivery.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Challenges that hamper GBM vaccine efficacy. The purple means the challenges related to GBM tumour features. The green represents the challenges caused by the patient’s clinical features.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Promising advancements for GBM vaccine efficacy.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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