Association Between Nutrients and Cardiovascular Diseases

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) constitute a leading cause of global mortality. Inflammation and oxidative stress are key molecular underpinnings of CVD pathogenesis. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted role of nutrients in cardiovascular health beyond their impact on cardiac events. The manuscript examines the influence of macronutrients such as fats and carbohydrates, as well as micronutrients including vitamins and folate, on CVD. Additionally, the interplay between dietary supplements and CVD risk reduction is investigated. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive overview of the diverse mechanisms through which nutrients contribute to cardiovascular well-being, addressing both cardioprotective effects and their broader implications. Through an analysis of pertinent studies, we illuminate the complex relationship between nutrition, lifestyle, and cardiovascular health, underscoring the significance of a holistic approach to CVD prevention and management.

Keywords: Carbohydrates; Cardiovascular diseases (CVD); Micro-nutrients; inflammatory; oxidative stress.; vitamin.

Fig. (1)

Formation of kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, 3′-hydroxy anthranilic acid, and anthranilic acid associated with plasma concentration of vitamin B6 (36).

Fig. (2)

The role of vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 in hyperhomocysteinemia.

Fig. (3)

The figure illustrates the immune-mediated cardioprotective effects of vitamin D.

Fig. (4)

Endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) activation mediates the production of L-citrulline and nitric oxide with the help of co-factors. Nitric oxide diffuses the endothelial into vascular smooth muscle where it leads to the activation of protein kinase G by soluble guanylyl cyclase, causing vasodilation. Oxidative stress causes eNOS uncoupling and endothelial dysfunction which favors the production of O2- instead of nitric oxide.