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Review
. 2024 Jan 7;20(1):e1376.
doi: 10.1002/cl2.1376. eCollection 2024 Mar.

A comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural interventions based on delivery features for elevated symptoms of depression in adolescents: A systematic review

Gretchen Bjornstad  1   2 , Shreya Sonthalia  2   3 , Benjamin Rouse  4 , Leanne Freeman  2 , Natasha Hessami  2 , Jo Hickman Dunne  5   6 , Nick Axford  7
Affiliations
Review

A comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural interventions based on delivery features for elevated symptoms of depression in adolescents: A systematic review

Gretchen Bjornstad et al. Campbell Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Depression is a public health problem and common amongst adolescents. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is widely used to treat adolescent depression but existing research does not provide clear conclusions regarding the relative effectiveness of different delivery modalities.

Objectives: The primary aim is to estimate the relative efficacy of different modes of CBT delivery compared with each other and control conditions for reducing depressive symptoms in adolescents. The secondary aim is to compare the different modes of delivery with regard to intervention completion/attrition (a proxy for intervention acceptability).

Search methods: The Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Clinical Trials Register was searched in April 2020. MEDLINE, PsycInfo, EMBASE, four other electronic databases, the CENTRAL trial registry, Google Scholar and Google were searched in November 2020, together with reference checking, citation searching and hand-searching of two databases.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of CBT interventions (irrespective of delivery mode) to reduce symptoms of depression in young people aged 10-19 years with clinically relevant symptoms or diagnosis of depression were included.

Data collection and analysis: Screening and data extraction were completed by two authors independently, with discrepancies addressed by a third author. CBT interventions were categorised as follows: group CBT, individual CBT, remote CBT, guided self-help, and unguided self-help. Effect on depressive symptom score was estimated across validated self-report measures using Hedges' g standardised mean difference. Acceptability was estimated based on loss to follow-up as an odds ratio. Treatment rankings were developed using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). Pairwise meta-analyses were conducted using random effects models where there were two or more head-to-head trials. Network analyses were conducted using random effects models.

Main results: Sixty-eight studies were included in the review. The mean age of participants ranged from 10 to 19.5 years, and on average 60% of participants were female. The majority of studies were conducted in schools (28) or universities (6); other settings included primary care, clinical settings and the home. The number of CBT sessions ranged from 1 to 16, the frequency of delivery from once every 2 weeks to twice a week and the duration of each session from 20 min to 2 h. The risk of bias was low across all domains for 23 studies, 24 studies had some concerns and the remaining 21 were assessed to be at high risk of bias. Sixty-two RCTs (representing 6435 participants) were included in the pairwise and network meta-analyses for post-intervention depressive symptom score at post-intervention. All pre-specified treatment and control categories were represented by at least one RCT. Although most CBT approaches, except remote CBT, demonstrated superiority over no intervention, no approaches performed clearly better than or equivalent to another. The highest and lowest ranking interventions were guided self-help (SUCRA 83%) and unguided self-help (SUCRA 51%), respectively (very low certainty in treatment ranking). Nineteen RCTs (3260 participants) were included in the pairwise and network meta-analyses for 6 to 12 month follow-up depressive symptom score. Neither guided self-help nor remote CBT were evaluated in the RCTs for this time point. Effects were generally attenuated for 6- to 12-month outcomes compared to posttest. No interventions demonstrated superiority to no intervention, although unguided self-help and group CBT both demonstrated superiority compared to TAU. No CBT approach demonstrated clear superiority over another. The highest and lowest ranking approaches were unguided self-help and individual CBT, respectively. Sixty-two RCTs (7347 participants) were included in the pairwise and network meta-analyses for intervention acceptability. All pre-specified treatment and control categories were represented by at least one RCT. Although point estimates tended to favour no intervention, no active treatments were clearly inferior. No CBT approach demonstrated clear superiority over another. The highest and lowest ranking active interventions were individual CBT and group CBT respectively. Pairwise meta-analytic findings were similar to those of the network meta-analysis for all analyses. There may be age-based subgroup effects on post-intervention depressive symptoms. Using the no intervention control group as the reference, the magnitudes of effects appear to be larger for the oldest age categories compared to the other subgroups for each given comparison. However, they were generally less precise and formal testing only indicated a significant difference for group CBT. Findings were robust to pre-specified sensitivity analyses separating out the type of placebo and excluding cluster-RCTs, as well as an additional analysis excluding studies where we had imputed standard deviations.

Authors' conclusions: At posttreatment, all active treatments (group CBT, individual CBT, guided self-help, and unguided self-help) except for remote CBT were more effective than no treatment. Guided self-help was the most highly ranked intervention but only evaluated in trials with the oldest adolescents (16-19 years). Moreover, the studies of guided self-help vary in the type and amount of therapist support provided and longer-term results are needed to determine whether effects persist. The magnitude of effects was generally attenuated for 6- to 12-month outcomes. Although unguided self-help was the lowest-ranked active intervention at post-intervention, it was the highest ranked at follow-up. This suggests the need for further research into whether interventions with self-directed elements enable young people to maintain effects by continuing or revisiting the intervention independently, and whether therapist support would improve long-term outcomes. There was no clear evidence that any active treatments were more acceptable to participants than any others. The relative effectiveness of intervention delivery modes must be taken into account in the context of the needs and preferences of individual young people, particularly as the differences between effect sizes were relatively small. Further research into the type and amount of therapist support that is most acceptable to young people and most cost-effective would be particularly useful.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Draft network including all treatment and control nodes.
Figure 2
Figure 2
PRISMA flow chart.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Boxplot of the distribution of mean age in individual trials across comparisons.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Boxplot of pretest depression scores in individual trials across comparisons. The score from each trial is represented as a percent above the cut‐off score for elevated depression symptoms relative to the scale's maximum possible score. For example, if a trial had a pretest score of 30 on the Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition (cut‐off of 14 and maximum possible score of 63), this would translate to a value of (30 – 14)/(63 – 14) ∗ 100 = 33%. Note that some trials have a value below the cut‐off (<0%) because they used multiple scales within the trial, and the scale prioritised for the review (based on frequency of scales used across all studies), may not have been the scale used to determine patient eligibility in the study.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Overall risk of bias across studies.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Comparison‐adjusted funnel plot of active versus inactive comparisons for post‐test depression score. A prediction line representing the linear regression of the effect size standard error on the adjusted effect size is included. Egger's test for small‐study effects is statistically significant (p < 0.001).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Network plot for post‐test depression score. Nodes are weighted by the number of patients randomised to that intervention, and edges are weighted by the number of trials comparing the two interventions.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Forest plot of posttest depression score network estimates comparing interventions and other controls with no intervention.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Cumulative ranking probabilities for each intervention in the post‐test depression score network. Rank indicates the cumulative probability of the intervention being the best method, the second best, the third best, and so forth.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Forest plot of direct estimates of comparative effectiveness of interventions, with corresponding indirect and network estimates, for post‐test depression score. Intervention 1 is the treatment listed to the left in the treatment comparison column, and Intervention 2 is the treatment on the right. Sample size (number of randomised controlled trials and patients) and heterogeneity measures (I 2 and τ 2) are provided for the direct estimates.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Network plot for 6‐ to 12‐month follow‐up depression score. Nodes are weighted by the number of patients randomised to that intervention, and edges are weighted by the number of trials comparing the two interventions.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Forest plot of 6‐ to 12‐month follow‐up depression score network estimates comparing interventions and other controls with no intervention.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Cumulative ranking probabilities for each intervention in the 6‐ to 12‐month follow‐up depression score network. Rank indicates the cumulative probability of the intervention being the best method, the second best, the third best, and so forth.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Forest plot of direct estimates of comparative effectiveness of interventions, with corresponding indirect and network estimates, for 6‐ to 12‐month follow‐up depression score. Intervention 1 is the treatment listed to the left in the treatment comparison column, and Intervention 2 is the treatment on the right. Sample size (number of randomised controlled trials and patients) and heterogeneity measures (I 2 and τ 2) are provided for the direct estimates.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Network plot for intervention acceptability. Nodes are weighted by the number of patients randomised to that intervention, and edges are weighted by the number of trials comparing the two interventions.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Forest plot of intervention acceptability network estimates comparing interventions and other controls with no intervention.
Figure 18
Figure 18
Cumulative ranking probabilities for each intervention in the intervention acceptability network. Rank indicates the cumulative probability of the intervention being the best method, the second best, the third best, and so forth.
Figure 19
Figure 19
Forest plot of direct estimates of comparative effectiveness of interventions, with corresponding indirect and network estimates, for intervention acceptability. Intervention 1 is the treatment listed to the left in the treatment comparison column, and Intervention 2 is the treatment on the right. Sample size (number of randomised controlled trials and patients) and heterogeneity measures (I 2 and τ 2) are provided for the direct estimates.
Figure 20
Figure 20
Network plot for post‐test depression score by age category subgroups. Nodes are weighted by the number of patients randomised to that intervention, and edges are weighted by the number of trials comparing the two interventions. Additionally, the subgroup networks are scaled based on the proportion of data they represent from the overall network.
Figure 21
Figure 21
Forest plot of the network estimates for post‐test depression score for each intervention compared to no intervention by age category. p Values and I 2 values for subgroup differences are included.
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Saw 2020 {published data only}
    1. * Saw, J. A. , Tam, C. L. , Thanzami, V. , & Bonn, G. (2020). Contextualised school‐based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention for depressive symptomatology among Malaysian secondary school students. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1376. - PMC - PubMed
Sheffield 2006 {published data only}
    1. * Sheffield, J. K. , Spence, S. H. , Rapee, R. M. , Kowalenko, N. , Wignall, A. , Davis, A. , & McLoone, J. (2006). Evaluation of universal, indicated, and combined cognitive‐behavioral approaches to the prevention of depression among adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 66–79. - PubMed
Singhal 2018 {published data only}
    1. * Singhal, M. , Munivenkatappa, M. , Kommu, J. V. S. , & Philip, M. (2018). Efficacy of an indicated intervention program for Indian adolescents with subclinical depression. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 33, 99–104. - PubMed
Srivastava 2015 {published data only}
    1. Srivastava, P. , Mehta, M. , Sagar, R. , & Ambekar, A. (2015). Computer assisted cognitive behavior therapy for adolescents with depression‐a pilot study. In 23rd European Congress of Psychiatry, EPA; 2015 May 28–31; Vienna (Austria). - PubMed
    1. * Srivastava, P. , Mehta, M. , Sagar, R. , & Ambekar, A. (2020). Smartteen – A computer assisted cognitive behavior therapy for Indian adolescents with depression – A pilot study. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 50, 101970. - PubMed
Stallard 2012 {published data only}
    1. Stallard, P. , Phillips, R. , Montgomery, A. A. , Spears, M. , Anderson, R. , Taylor, J. , Araya, R. , Lewis, G. , Ukoumunne, O. C. , & Millings, A. (2013). A cluster randomised controlled trial to determine the clinical effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of classroom‐based cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) in reducing symptoms of depression in high‐risk adolescents. Health Technology Assessment, 17(47), 1–109. - PMC - PubMed
    1. * Stallard, P. , Sayal, K. , Phillips, R. , Taylor, J. A. , Spears, M. , Anderson, R. , Araya, R. , Lewis, G. , Millings, A. , & Montgomery, A. A. (2012). Classroom based cognitive behavioural therapy in reducing symptoms of depression in high risk adolescents: Pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 345, e6058. - PMC - PubMed
Stasiak 2014 {published data only}
    1. * Stasiak, K. , Hatcher, S. , Frampton, C. , & Merry, S. N. (2014). A pilot double blind randomized placebo controlled trial of a prototype computer‐based cognitive behavioural therapy program for adolescents with symptoms of depression. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 42(4), 385–401. - PubMed
Stice 2007 {published data only}
    1. * Stice, E. , Burton, E. , Bearman, S. K. , & Rohde, P. (2007). Randomized trial of a brief depression prevention program: An elusive search for a psychosocial placebo control condition. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(5), 863–876. - PMC - PubMed
Stice 2008 {published data only}
    1. Stice, E. , Rohde, P. , Gau, J. M. , & Wade, E. (2010). Efficacy trial of a brief cognitive‐behavioral depression prevention program for high‐risk adolescents: Effects at 1‐ and 2‐year follow‐up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(6), 856–867. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stice, E. , Rohde, P. , Seeley, J. R. , & Gau, J. M. (2010). Testing mediators of intervention effects in randomized controlled trials: An evaluation of three depression prevention programs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 273–280. - PMC - PubMed
    1. * Stice, E. , Rohde, P. , Seeley, J. R. , & Gau, J. M. (2008). Brief cognitive‐behavioral depression prevention program for high‐risk adolescents outperforms two alternative interventions: A randomized efficacy trial. Journal of Consulting and Clincial Psychology, 76(4), 595–606. - PMC - PubMed
Stikkelbroek 2020 {published data only}
    1. Stikkelbroek, Y. , & Bodden, D. (2020). Effectiveness of cognitive behaviours therapy (CBT), in clinically depressed adolescents versus treatment as usual (TAU). In 16th International Congress of European Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (ESCAP); 2015 June 20–24; Madrid, Spain.
    1. * Stikkelbroek, Y. , Vink, G. , Nauta, M. H. , Bottelier, M. A. , Vet, L. J. J. , Lont, C. M. , van Baar, A. L. , & Bodden, D. H. M. (2020). Effectiveness and moderators of individual cognitive behavioral therapy versus treatment as usual in clinically depressed adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 14815. - PMC - PubMed
Topooco 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT02363205 . Internet‐delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for adolescent depression. Retrieved 13 February 2015. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02363205
    1. Topooco, N. , Byléhn, S. , Dahlström Nysäter, E. , Holmlund, J. , Lindegaard, J. , Johansson, S. , Åberg, L. , Bergman Nordgren, L. , Zetterqvist, M. , & Andersson, G. (2019). Evaluating the efficacy of internet‐delivered cognitive behavioral therapy blended with synchronous chat sessions to treat adolescent depression: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(11), e13393. - PMC - PubMed
    1. * Topooco, N. W. , & Andersson, G. (2017). Digital cognitive‐behavioral therapy in the treatment of adolescent depression: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(10), S299–S300.
    1. Topooco, N. , & Gerhard, A. (2017). 6.66 digital cognitive‐behavioral therapy in the treatment of adolescent depression: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56, S299–S300.
Topooco 2019 {published data only}
    1. * Topooco, N. , & Andersson, G. (2019). Treating adolescent depression: Development and results for a chat‐ and internet‐based CBT intervention targeting youth in a community setting. Bipolar Disorders, 21(Supplment 1), 54.
    1. Topooco, N. , Berg, M. , Johansson, S. , Liljethörn, L. , Radvogin, E. , Vlaescu, G. , Bergman Nordgren, L. , Zetterqvist, M. , & Andersson, G. (2018). Chat‐and internet‐based cognitive–behavioural therapy in treatment of adolescent depression: Randomised controlled trial. BJPsych Open, 4, 199–207. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Topooco, N. (2018). Blended cognitive behavior therapy: Efficacy and acceptability for treating depression in the adult and adolescent population [Doctoral thesis]. Linköping University.
Vostanis 1996 {published data only}
    1. Vostanis, P. , Feehan, C. , Grattan, E. , & Bickerton, W. L. (1996). A randomised controlled out‐patient trial of cognitive‐behavioural treatment for children and adolescents with depression: 9‐month follow‐up. Journal of Affective Disorders, 40(1), 105–116. - PubMed
    1. * Vostanis, P. , Feehan, C. , Grattan, E. , & Bickerton, W. L. (1996). Treatment for children and adolescents with depression: Lessons from a controlled trial. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1(2), 199–212.
    1. Vostanis, P. , Feehan, C. , & Grattan, E. (1998). Two‐year outcome of children treated for depression. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 7(1), 12–18. - PubMed
Vuthiarpa 2012 {published data only}
    1. * Vuthiarpa, S. , Sethabouppha, H. , Soivong, P. , & Williams, R. (2012). Effectiveness of a school‐based cognitive behavioral therapy program for Thai adolescents with depressive symptoms. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research, 16(3), 206–221.
Wijnhoven 2014 {published data only}
    1. * Wijnhoven, L. A. M. W. , Creemers, D. H. M. , Vermulst, A. A. , Scholte, R. H. J. , & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2014). Randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of a depression prevention program (‘Op Volle Kracht’) among adolescent girls with elevated depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(2), 217–228. - PubMed
Woods 2011 {published data only}
    1. * Woods, B. , & Jose, P. E. (2011). Effectiveness of a school‐based indicated early intervention program for Maori and Pacific adolescents. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 5(1), 40–50.
Wright 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT02186730 . Computerised intervention/treatment for adolescent depression and low mood: Feasibility phase 2. Retrieved 10 July 2014. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02186730
    1. * Wright, B. , Tindall, L. , Hargate, R. , Allgar, V. , Trepel, D. , & Ali, S. (2019). Computerised cognitive‐behavioural therapy for depression in adolescents: 12‐month outcomes of a UK randomised controlled trial pilot study. BJPsych Open, 6(1), e5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wright, B. , Tindall, L. , Littlewood, E. , Adamson, J. , Allgar, V. , Bennett, S. , Gilbody, S. , Verduyn, C. , Alderson‐Day, B. , Dyson, L. , Trepel, D. , & Ali, S. (2014). Computerised cognitive behaviour therapy for depression in adolescents: Study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 4, e006488. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wright, B. , Tindall, L. , Littlewood, E. , Allgar, V. , Abeles, P. , Trepel, D. , & Ali, S. (2017). Computerised cognitive‐behavioural therapy for depression in adolescents: Feasibility results and 4‐month outcomes of a UK randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 7(1), e012834. - PMC - PubMed
Yu 2000 {published data only}
    1. * Yu, L. (2000). Preventing depressive symptoms in Chinese children [Doctoral thesis]. University of Pennsylvania.

REFERENCES TO STUDIES EXCLUDED FROM THIS REVIEW

Aboustate 2019 {published data only}
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Ackerson 1993 {published data only}
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ACTRN12610000074099 {published data only}
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ACTRN12616001626459 {unpublished data only}
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Afuwape 2010 {published data only}
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Afuwape 2019 {published data only}
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Ammerman 2012 {published data only}
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Ammerman 2013a {published data only}
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Ammerman 2013b {published data only}
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Ammerman 2015 {published data only}
    1. * Ammerman, R. T. , Altaye, M. , Putnam, F. W. , Teeters, A. R. , Zou, Y. , & Van Ginkel, J. B. (2015). Depression improvement and parenting in low income mothers in home visiting. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 18(3), 555–563. 10.1007/s00737-014-0479-7 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Anderson 2014 {published data only}
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Appleby 1998 {published data only}
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Aqabozorg 2012 {published data only}
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Arnarson 2011 {published data only}
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Arnow 2003 {published data only}
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Asarnow 2002 {published data only}
    1. * Asarnow, J. R. , Scott, C. V. , & Mintz, J. (2002). A combined cognitive‐behavioural family education intervention for depression in children: A treatment development study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(2), 221–229.
Azevedo 2017 {published data only}
    1. * Azevedo da Silva, R. , de Azevedo, C. T. , Campos, M. T. , Neumann, R. A. , de Lima, B. S. , Dias de Mattos, S. L. , & Jansen, K. (2017). Is narrative cognitive therapy as effective as cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment for depression in young adults? The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 205(12), 918–924. - PubMed
Barnes 2013 {published data only}
    1. * Barnes, M. , Sherlock, S. , Thomas, L. , Kessler, D. , Kuyken, W. , Owen‐Smith, A. , Lewis, G. , Wiles, N. , & Turner, K. (2013). No pain, no gain: Depressed clients' experiences of cognitive behavioural therapy. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 52(4), 347–364. - PubMed
Barry 2017 {published data only}
    1. * Barry, M. , Murphy, M. , & O'Donovan, H. (2017). Assessing the effectiveness of a cognitive behavioural group coaching intervention in reducing symptoms of depression among adolescent males in a school setting. International Coaching Psychology Review, 12(2), 101–109.
Bass 2006 {published data only}
    1. * Bass, J. , Neugebauer, R. , Clougherty, K. F. , Verdeli, H. , Wickramaratne, P. , Ndogoni, L. , Speelman, L. , Weissman, M. , & Bolton, P. (2006). Group interpersonal psychotherapy for depression in rural Uganda: 6‐month outcomes: Randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188(JUNE), 567–573. - PubMed
Beattie 2009 {published data only}
    1. * Beattie, A. , Shaw, A. , Kaur, S. , & Kessler, D. (2009). Primary‐care patients' expectations and experiences of online cognitive behavioural therapy for depression: A qualitative study. Health Expectations, 12(1), 45–59. - PMC - PubMed
Bedoya 2014 {published data only}
    1. * Bedoya, C. A. , Traeger, L. , Trinh, N. H. , Chang, T. E. , Brill, C. D. , Hails, K. , Hagan, P. N. , Flaherty, K. , & Yeung, A. (2014). Impact of a culturally focused psychiatric consultation on depressive symptoms among Latinos in primary care. Psychiatric Services, 65(10), 1256–1262. - PubMed
Beeber 2010 {published data only}
    1. * Beeber, L. S. , Holditch‐Davis, D. , Perreira, K. , Schwartz, T. A. , Lewis, V. , Blanchard, H. , Canuso, R. , & Goldman, B. D. (2010). Short‐term in‐home intervention reduces depressive symptoms in Early Head Start Latina mothers of infants and toddlers. Research in Nursing and Health, 33(1), 60–76. - PMC - PubMed
Bernal 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bernal, G. (2005). Parent psychoeducation and cognitive behavior therapy for Latino adolescents with depression. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct00118469
Bernhardsdottir 2013 {published data only}
    1. * Bernhardsdottir, J. , Vilhjalmsson, R. , & Champion, J. D. (2013). Evaluation of a brief cognitive behavioral group therapy for psychological distress among female Icelandic University students. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 34(7), 497–504. - PubMed
Beutel 2012 {published data only}
    1. * Beutel, M. E. , Leuzinger‐Bohleber, M. , Ruger, B. , Bahrke, U. , Negele, A. , Haselbacher, A. , Fiedler, G. , Keller, W. , & Hautzinger, M. (2012). Psychoanalytic and cognitive‐behavior therapy of chronic depression: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 13, 117. - PMC - PubMed
Blanco 2014 {published data only}
    1. * Blanco, V. , Rohde, P. , Vazquez, F. L. , & Otero, P. (2014). Predictors of prevention failure in college students participating in two indicated depression prevention programs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(4), 3803–3821. - PMC - PubMed
Bollenbach 1983 {published data only}
    1. * Bollenbach, A. (1983). A comparison of three cognitive treatments in alleviating depression. In 63rd Annual Meeting of the Western Psychological Association, April 6–10, San Francisco, CA (Vol. 84).
Boogar 2012 {published data only}
    1. * Boogar, I. R. (2012). Effectiveness of the Teasdale Cognitive Therapy on depression reduction in guidance and high school students. [Effectiveness of the Teasdale Cognitive Therapy on depression reduction in guidance and high school students.]. Psychological Research, 14(2), 25–40.
Boschloo 2019 {published data only}
    1. * Boschloo, L. , Cuijpers, P. , Karyotaki, E. , Berger, T. , Moritz, S. , Meyer, B. , & Klein, J. P. (2019). Symptom‐specific effectiveness of an Internet‐based intervention in the treatment of mild to moderate depressive symptomatology: The potential of network estimation techniques. Behavior Research and Therapy, 122, 103440. - PubMed
Boylan 2006 {published data only}
    1. * Boylan, M. B. (2006). Psychological mindedness as a predictor of treatment outcome with depressed adolescents. University of Pittsburgh.
Brent 1996 {published data only}
    1. * Brent, D. A. , Roth, C. M. , Holder, D. P. , Kolko, D. J. , Birmaher, B. , Johnson, B. A. , & Schweers, J. A. (1996). Psychosocial interventions for treating adolescent suicidal depression: A comparison of three psychosocial interventions. In Hibbs E. D., & Jensen P. S. (Eds.), Psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent disorders: Empirically based strategies for clinical practice (pp. 187–206). American Psychological Association. 10.1037/10196-008 - DOI
Brent 1997a {published data only}
    1. * Brent, D. (1997). A clinical trial comparing three psychotherapies for adolescent depression: Differential efficacy and predictors of outcome. In WPA Thematic Conference. Jerusalem.
Brent 1998 {published data only}
    1. * Brent, D. A. , Kolko, D. J. , Birmaher, B. , Baugher, M. , Bridge, J. , Roth, C. , & Holder, D. (1998). Predictors of treatment efficacy in a clinical trial of three psychosocial treatments for adolescent depression. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(9), 906–914. - PubMed
Brent 1999 {published data only}
    1. * Brent, D. A. , Kolko, D. J. , Birmaher, B. , Baugher, M. , & Bridge, J. (1999). A clinical trial for adolescent depression: Predictors of additional treatment in the acute and follow‐up phases of the trial. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatiry, 38(3), 263–270. - PubMed
Brent 2015 {published data only}
    1. * Brent, D. A. , Brunwasser, S. M. , Hollon, S. D. , Weersing, V. R. , Clarke, G. N. , Dickerson, J. F. , Beardslee, W. R. , Gladstone, T. R. G. , Porta, G. , Lynch, F. L. , Iyengar, S. , & Garber, J. (2015). Effect of a cognitive‐behavioral prevention program on depression 6 years after implementation among at‐risk adolescents: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(11), 1110–1118. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stallard, P. (2016). Long‐term benefits of cognitive‐behavioural prevention for adolescents at risk of depression but not if parents are depressed at the onset of the programme. Evidence Based Mental Health, 19(3), e20. - PMC - PubMed
Brière 2014 {published data only}
    1. * Briere, F. N. , Rohde, P. , Shaw, H. , & Stice, E. (2014). Moderators of two indicated cognitive‐behavioral depression prevention approaches for adolescents in a school‐based effectiveness trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 53(1), 55–62. - PMC - PubMed
Brière 2016 {published data only}
    1. * Brière, F. N. , Rohde, P. , Stice, E. , & Morizot, J. (2016). Group‐based symptom trajectories in indicated prevention of adolescent depression. Depression and Anxiety, 33, 444–451. 10.1002/da.22440 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Browning 2011 {published data only}
    1. * Browning, M. , Grol, M. , Ly, V. , Goodwin, G. M. , Holmes, E. A. , & Harmer, C. J. (2011). Using an experimental medicine model to explore combination effects of pharmacological and cognitive interventions for depression and anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36(13), 2689–2697. - PMC - PubMed
Bruijniks 2015 {published data only}
    1. * Bruijniks, S. J. E. , Bosmans, J. , Peeters, F. , Hollon, S. D. , van Oppen, P. , van den Boogaard, M. , Dingemanse, P. , Cuijpers, P. , Arntz, A. , Franx, G. , & Huibers, M. J. H. (2015). Frequency and change mechanisms of psychotherapy among depressed patients: Study protocol for a multicenter randomized trial comparing twice‐weekly versus once‐weekly sessions of CBT and IPT. BMC Psychiatry, 15(1), 137. - PMC - PubMed
Brunwasser 2018 {published data only}
    1. * Brunwasser, S. M. , Freres, D. R. , & Gillham, J. E. (2018). Youth cognitive‐behavioral depression prevention: Testing theory in a randomized controlled trial. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 42(4), 468–482. - PMC - PubMed
Burns 2014 {published data only}
    1. * Burns, M. N. (2014). Mobile phone and internet‐based intervention for vulnerable youth. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02072252
Buszewicz 2010 {published data only}
    1. * Buszewicz, M. , Griffin, M. , McMahon, E. M. , Beecham, J. , & King, M. (2010). Evaluation of a system of structured, pro‐active care for chronic depression in primary care: A randomised controlled trial. Evidence‐Based Mental Health, 10 , 61. - PMC - PubMed
Butler 1980 {published data only}
    1. * Butler, L. (1980). The effect of two school‐based intervention programs on depressive symptoms in preadolescents. American Educational Research Journal, 17(1), 111–119.
Cabiya 2008 {published data only}
    1. * Cabiya, J. J. , Padilla‐Cotto, L. , Gonzalez, K. , Sanchez‐Cestero, J. , Martinez‐Taboas, A. , & Sayers, S. (2008). Effectiveness of a cognitive‐behavioral intervention for Puerto Rican children. Revista Interamericana de Psicologia, 42(2), 195–202.
Calear 2009 {published data only}
    1. * Calear, A. L. , Christensen, H. , Mackinnon, A. , Griffiths, K. M. , & O'Kearney, R. (2009). The YouthMood project: A cluster randomized controlled trial of an online cognitive behavioral program with adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(6), 1021. - PubMed
Calear 2013 {published data only}
    1. * Calear, A. L. , Christensen, H. , Mackinnon, A. , & Griffiths, K. M. (2013). Adherence to the MoodGYM program: Outcomes and predictors for an adolescent school‐based population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147(1–3), 338–344. - PubMed
Calear 2018 {published data only}
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Carta 2012 {published data only}
    1. * Carta, M. G. , Petretto, D. , Adamo, S. , Bhat, K. M. , Lecca, M. E. , Mura, G. , Carta, V. , Angermeyer, M. , & Moro, M. F. (2012). Counseling in primary care improves depression and quality of life. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 8, 152–157. 10.2174/1745017901208010152 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Carty 2001 {published data only}
    1. * Carty, J. A. (2001). An examination of the relative effectiveness of three cognitive behavioral group treatments for depression in an Australian treatment‐resistant population [thesis]. Dissertation Abstracts International, 62(1–B), 539.
Cavanagh 2006 {published data only}
    1. * Cavanagh, K. , Shapiro, D. A. , Van Den Berg, S. , Swain, S. , Barkham, M. , & Proudfoot, J. (2006). The effectiveness of computerized cognitive behavioural therapy in routine care. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(4), 499–514. - PubMed
Cavanagh 2011 {published data only}
    1. * Cavanagh, K. , Seccombe, N. , & Lidbetter, N. (2011). The implementation of computerized cognitive behavioural therapies in a service user‐led, third sector self help clinic. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 39(4), 427–442. - PubMed
Chan 2015 {published data only}
    1. * Chan, S. W. , Lau, J. Y. , & Reynolds, S. A. (2015). Is cognitive bias modification training truly beneficial for adolescents? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(11), 1239–1248. - PubMed
Chaplin 2006 {published data only}
    1. * Chaplin, T. M. , Gillham, J. E. , Reivich, K. , Elkon, A. G. , Samuels, B. , Freres, D. R. , Winder, B. , & Seligman, M. E. (2006). Depression prevention for early adolescent girls: A pilot study of all girls versus co‐ed groups. Journal of Early Adolescence, 26(1), 110–126. - PMC - PubMed
Chen 2015 {published data only}
    1. * Chen, Y. L. , Pan, A. W. , Hsiung, P. C. , Chung, L. , Lai, J. S. , Shur‐Fen Gau, S. , & Chen, T. J. (2015). Life adaptation skills training (LAST) for persons with depression: A randomized controlled study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 185, 108–114. - PubMed
Chen 2018 {published data only}
    1. * Chen, C. Y. (2018). A study of group intervention on depression in urban college students. Basic and Clincal Pharmacology and Toxicology, 122(Supplment 2), 17–18.
ChiCTR1900023145 {unpublished data only}
    1. *ChiCTR1900023145 . Evaluation of a prevention program for depression among high school adolescent in mainland china: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Retrieved 13 May 2019. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=39002
Chirita 2006 {published data only}
    1. * Chirita, V. , Ilinca, M. , Chirita, R. , Bisca, M. , & Chele, G. (2006). Virtual therapy in patients with depression. Preliminary observation. Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine, 4, 181–185.
Christensen 2004 {published data only}
    1. * Christensen, H. , Griffiths, K. M. , & Jorm, A. F. (2004). Delivering interventions for depression by using the internet: Randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 328(7434), 265–269. - PMC - PubMed
Christensen 2006 {published data only}
    1. * Christensen, H. , Leach, L. S. , Barney, L. , Mackinnon, A. J. , & Griffiths, K. M. (2006). The effect of web based depression interventions on self reported help seeking: Randomised controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 6, 13. - PMC - PubMed
Christensen 2013 {published data only}
    1. * Christensen, H. , Farrer, L. , Batterham, P. J. , Mackinnon, A. , Griffiths, K. M. , & Donker, T. (2013). The effect of a web‐based depression intervention on suicide ideation: Secondary outcome from a randomised controlled trial in a helpline. BMJ Open, 3(6), 002886. - PMC - PubMed
Chu 2016 {published data only}
    1. * Chu, B. C. , Crocco, S. T. , Esseling, P. , Areizaga, M. J. , Lindner, A. M. , & Skriner, L. C. (2016). Transdiagnostic group behavioral activation and exposure therapy for youth anxiety and depression: Initial randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 76, 65–75. - PubMed
Clarke 1992 {published data only}
    1. * Clarke, G. , Hops, H. , Lewinsohn, P. M. , Andrews, J. , Seeley, J. R. , & Williams, J. (1992). Cognitive‐behavioral group treatment of adolescent depression: Prediction of outcome. Behavior Therapy, 23(3), 341–354.
Clarke 2001a {published data only}
    1. * Clarke, G. (2001). Cognitive‐behavioral treatment and prevention of adolescent depression. In 154th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association May 5–10. New Orleans, LA, 22F.
Clarke 2005 {published data only}
    1. * Clarke, G. , DeBar, L. , Lynch, F. , Powell, J. , Gale, J. , O'Connor, E. , Ludman, E. , Bush, T. , Lin, E. H. B. , Von Korff, M. , & Hertert, S. (2005). A randomized effectiveness trial of brief cognitive‐behavioral therapy for depressed adolescents receiving antidepressant medication. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(9), 888–898. - PubMed
Clarke 2009 {published data only}
    1. * Clarke, G. , Kelleher, C. , Hornbrook, M. , DeBar, L. , Dickerson, J. , & Gullion, C. (2009). Randomized effectiveness trial of an internet, pure self‐help, cognitive behavioral intervention for depressive symptoms in young adults. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 38(4), 222–234. - PMC - PubMed
Clarke 2014 {published data only}
    1. * Clarke, J. , Proudfoot, J. , Birch, M. R. , Whitton, A. E. , Parker, G. , Manicavasagar, V. , Harrison, V. , Christensen, H. , & Hadzi‐Pavlovic, D. (2014). Effects of mental health self‐efficacy on outcomes of a mobile phone and web intervention for mild‐to‐moderate depression, anxiety and stress: Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 272. - PMC - PubMed
Coats 1982 {published data only}
    1. * Coats Kevin, I. (1982). An experimental investigation of a cognitive‐behavioural treatment for depression with adolescents. The University of Wisconsin – Madison.
Collado 2016 {published data only}
    1. * Collado, A. , Calderon, M. , MacPherson, L. , & Lejuez, C. (2016). The efficacy of behavioral activation treatment among depressed Spanish‐speaking Latinos. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(7), 651–657. - PMC - PubMed
Compas 2011 {published data only}
    1. * Compas, B. E. , Forehand, R. , Thigpen, J. C. , Keller, G. , Hardcastle, E. J. , Cole, D. A. , Potts, J. , Watson, K. H. , Rakow, A. , Colletti, C. , Reeslund, K. , Fear, J. , Garai, E. , McKee, L. , Merchant, M. J. , & Roberts, L. (2011). Family group cognitive‐behavioral preventive intervention for families of depressed parents: 18‐ and 24‐month outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(4), 488–499. - PMC - PubMed
Compas 2015 {published data only}
    1. * Compas, B. E. , Forehand, R. , Thigpen, J. , Hardcastle, E. , Garai, E. , McKee, L. , Keller, G. , Dunbar, J. P. , Watson, K. H. , Rakow, A. , Bettis, A. , Reising, M. , Cole, D. , & Sterba, S. (2015). Efficacy and moderators of a family group cognitive‐behavioral preventive intervention for children of parents with depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(3), 541–553. - PMC - PubMed
Conradi 2008 {published data only}
    1. * Conradi, H. J. , de Jonge, P. , & Ormel, J. (2008). Cognitive‐behavioural therapy v. usual care in recurrent depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 193(6), 505–506. - PubMed
Cook 2016 {published data only}
    1. * Cook, L. , & Watkins, E. (2016). Guided, internet‐based, rumination‐focused cognitive behavioural therapy (i‐RFCBT) versus a no‐intervention control to prevent depression in high‐ruminating young adults, along with an adjunct assessment of the feasibility of unguided i‐RFCBT, in the REducing Stress and Preventing Depression trial (RESPOND): Study protocol for a phase III randomised controlled trial. Trials, 17(1), 1–11. - PMC - PubMed
CTRI/2012/10/003043 {unpublished data only}
    1. *CTRI/2012/10/003043 . To develop and evaluate computer assisted cognitive behavior therapy compared to treatment as usual on adolescents with depression. Retrieved 5 October 2012. http://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=4840
Curry 2006 {published data only}
    1. * Curry, J. , Rohde, P. , Simons, A. , Silva, S. , Vitiello, B. , Kratochvil, C. , Reinecke, M. , Feeny, N. , Wells, K. , Pathak, S. , Weller, E. , Rosenberg, D. , Kennard, B. , Robins, M. , Ginsburg, G. , & March, J. (2006). Predictors and moderators of acute outcome in the Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(12), 1427–1439. - PubMed
Curry 2011 {published data only}
    1. Curry, J. , Silva, S. , Rohde, P. , Ginsburg, G. , Kratochvil, C. , Simons, A. , Kirchner, J. , May, D. , Kennard, B. , Mayes, T. , Feeny, N. , Albano, A. M. , Lavanier, S. , Reinecke, M. , Jacobs, R. , Becker‐Weidman, E. , Weller, E. , Emslie, G. , Walkup, J. , Kastelic, E. , Burns, B. , Wells, K. , & March, J. (2011). Recovery and recurrence following treatment for adolescent major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(3), 263–269. - PMC - PubMed
Dana 1998 {published data only}
    1. * Dana, E. C. (1998). A coginitive‐behavioral intervention for conduct disordered and concurrently conduct disordered and depressed children. Dissertation Abstracts International, 59(1–A), 0322.
David 2018 {published data only}
    1. * David, O. A. , Cardos, R. A. I. , & Matu, S. (2019). Changes in irrational beliefs are responsible for the efficacy of the REThink therapeutic game in preventing emotional disorders in children and adolescents: Mechanisms of change analysis of a randomized clinical trial. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(3), 307–318. - PubMed
David 2019 {published data only}
    1. * David, O. A. , Cardoș, R. A. I. , & Matu, S. (2019). Is REThink therapeutic game effective in preventing emotional disorders in children and adolescents? Outcomes of a randomized clinical trial. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(1), 111–122. - PubMed
Day 2013 {published data only}
    1. * Day, V. , McGrath, P. J. , & Wojtowicz, M. (2013). Internet‐based guided self‐help for university students with anxiety, depression and stress: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(7), 344–351. - PubMed
Dean 2016 {published data only}
    1. * Dean, S. , Britt, E. , Bell, E. , Stanley, J. , & Collings, S. (2016). Motivational interviewing to enhance adolescent mental health treatment engagement: A randomized clinical trial. Psychological Medicine, 46(9), 1961–1969. - PubMed
Dear 2018 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12613000915752 . A randomized controlled trial of the effects of self‐guided vs. guided Internet‐administered treatment on symptoms of anxiety and depression in Australian young adults (18–24). Retrieved 13 August 2013. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=1261...
    1. * Dear, B. F. , Fogliati, V. J. , Fogliati, R. , Johnson, B. , Boyle, O. , Karin, E. , Gandy, M. , Kayrouz, R. , Staples, L. G. , & Titov, N. (2018). Treating anxiety and depression in young adults: A randomised controlled trial comparing clinician‐guided versus self‐guided Internet‐delivered cognitive behavioural therapy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(7), 668–679. - PubMed
de Graaf 2009 {published data only}
    1. * de Graaf, L. E. , Gerhards, S. A. , Arntz, A. , Riper, H. , Metsemakers, J. F. , Evers, S. M. , Severens, J. L. , Widdershoven, G. , & Huibers, M. J. (2009). Clinical effectiveness of online computerised cognitive‐behavioural therapy without support for depression in primary care: Randomised trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195(1), 73–80. - PubMed
de Graaf 2010 {published data only}
    1. * de Graaf, L. E. , Hollon, S. D. , & Huibers, M. J. H. (2010). Predicting outcome in computerized cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in primary care: A randomized trial. Journal of Consulting and Clincial Psychology, 78(2), 184–189. - PubMed
De Jonge‐Heesen 2020 {published data only}
    1. * De Jonge‐Heesen, K. W. J. , Rasing, S. P. A. , Vermulst, A. A. , Scholte, R. H. J. , & Van Ettekoven, K. M. (2020). Engels RCME, creemers DHM. randomized control trial testing the effectiveness of implemented depression prevention in high‐risk adolescents. BMC Medicine, 18, 188. - PMC - PubMed
    1. de Jonge‐Heesen, K. W. J. , van Ettekoven, K. M. , Rasing, S. P. A. , Oprins‐van Liempd, F. H. J. , Vermulst, A. A. , Engels, R. C. M. E. , & Creemers, D. H. M. (2016). Evaluation of a school‐based depression prevention program among adolescents with elevated depressive symptoms: Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 16, 402. - PMC - PubMed
Dickerson 2018 {published data only}
    1. * Dickerson, J. F. , Lynch, F. L. , Leo, M. C. , DeBar, L. L. , Pearson, J. , & Clarke, G. N. (2018). Cost‐effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for depressed youth declining antidepressants. Pediatrics, 141(2), e20171969. - PMC - PubMed
Dietz 2014 {published data only}
    1. * Dietz, L. J. , Marshal, M. P. , Burton, C. M. , Bridge, J. A. , Birmaher, B. , Kolko, D. , Duffy, J. N. , & Brent, D. A. (2014). Social problem solving among depressed adolescents is enhanced by structured psychotherapies. Journal of Consulting and Clincial Psychology, 82(2), 202–211. - PMC - PubMed
DiFonte 2016 {published data only}
    1. * DiFonte, M. C. , Gladstone, T. R. , Diehl, A. , & Beardslee, W. R. (2016). The effect of current parental depressive symptoms on child preventive intervention response. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiaty, 55(10 Supplment 1), S239.
Donker 2013 {published data only}
    1. * Donker, T. , Batterham, P. J. , Warmerdam, L. , Bennett, K. , Bennett, A. , Cuijpers, P. , Griffiths, K. M. , & Christensen, H. (2013). Predictors and moderators of response to internet‐delivered interpersonal psychotherapy and cognitive behavior therapy for depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(1), 343–351. - PubMed
DRKS00020941 {published data only}
    1. *DRKS00020941 . Application of a self‐help smartphone app for students with depressive symptoms: A randomized controlled trial. Retrieved 27 March 2020. http://www.drks.de/DRKS00020941
Duong 2016 {published data only}
    1. * Duong, M. T. , Cruz, R. A. , King, K. M. , Violette, H. D. , & McCarty, C. A. (2016). Twelve‐month outcomes of a randomized trial of the positive thoughts and action program for depression among early adolescents. Prevention Science, 17(3), 295–305. - PMC - PubMed
Emslie 2015 {published data only}
    1. * Emslie, G. J. , Kennard, B. D. , Mayes, T. L. , Nakonezny, P. A. , Moore, J. , Jones, J. M. , Foxwell, A. A. , & King, J. (2015). Continued effectiveness of relapse prevention cognitive‐behavioral therapy following fluoxetine treatment in youth with major depressive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(12), 991–998. - PMC - PubMed
Ezeudu 2019 {published data only}
    1. * Ezeudu, F. O. , Eya, N. M. , Nwafor, S. C. , & Ogbonna, C. S. (2019). Intervention for depression among chemistry education undergraduates in a Nigerian university. Journal of International Medical Research, 48(1), 1–6. - PMC - PubMed
Fawcett 2020 {published data only}
    1. * Fawcett, E. , Neary, M. , Ginsburg, R. , & Cornish, P. (2020). Comparing the effectiveness of individual and group therapy for students with symptoms of anxiety and depression: A randomized pilot study. Journal of American College Health, 68(4), 430–437. - PubMed
Feehan 1996 {published data only}
    1. * Feehan, C. J. , & Vostanis, P. (1996). Cognitive‐behavioural therapy for depressed children: Children's and therapists' impressions. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 24(2), 171–183.
Fine 1993 {published data only}
    1. * Fine, S. , & Gilbert, M. (1993). Short‐term group therapy with depressed adolescents. In Casebook of the brief psychotherapies (pp. 375–387). Springer.
Fletcher 2005 {published data only}
    1. * Fletcher, J. , Lovell, K. , Bower, P. , Campbell, M. , & Dickens, C. (2005). Process and outcome of a non‐guided self‐help manual for anxiety and depression in primary care: A pilot study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 33(3), 319–331.
Forehand 2012 {published data only}
    1. * Forehand, R. , Thigpen, J. C. , Parent, J. , Hardcastle, E. J. , Bettis, A. , & Compas, B. E. (2012). The role of parent depressive symptoms in positive and negative parenting in a preventive intervention. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(4), 532–541. - PMC - PubMed
Freres 2002 {published data only}
    1. * Freres, D. R. , Gillham, J. E. , Reivich, K. , & Shatte, A. J. (2002). Preventing depressive symptoms in middle school students: The Penn Resiliency Program. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 4(1), 31–40. - PubMed
Gau 2012 {published data only}
    1. * Gau, J. M. , Stice, E. , Rohde, P. , & Seeley, J. R. (2012). Negative life events and substance use moderate cognitive behavioral adolescent depression prevention intervention. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41(3), 241–250. - PMC - PubMed
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Gega 2013 {published data only}
    1. * Gega, L. , Smith, J. , & Reynolds, S. (2013). Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for depression by computer vs. therapist: Patient experiences and therapeutic processes. Psychotherapy Research, 23(2), 218–231. - PubMed
Geisner 2006 {published data only}
    1. * Geisner, I. M. , Neighbors, C. , & Larimer, M. E. (2006). A randomized clinical trial of a brief, mailed intervention for symptoms of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(2), 393–399. - PubMed
Geisner 2015 {published data only}
    1. * Geisner, I. M. , Varvil‐Weld, L. , Mittmann, A. J. , Mallett, K. , & Turrisi, R. (2015). Brief web‐based intervention for college students with comorbid risky alcohol use and depressed mood: Does it work and for whom? Addictive Behaviors, 42, 36–43. - PMC - PubMed
Gerhards 2010 {published data only}
    1. * Gerhards, S. A. H. , de Graaf, L. E. , Jacobs, L. E. , Severens, J. L. , Huibers, M. J. H. , Arntz, A. , Riper, H. , Widdershoven, G. , Metsemakers, J. F. M. , & Evers, S. (2010). Economic evaluation of online computerised cognitive‐behavioural therapy without support for depression in primary care: Randomised trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(4), 310–318. - PubMed
Gijzen 2018 {published data only}
    1. * Gijzen, M. W. M. , Creemers, D. H. M. , Rasing, S. P. A. , Smit, F. , & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2018). Evaluation of a multimodal school‐based depression and suicide prevention program among Dutch adolescents: Design of a cluster‐randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 124. 10.1186/s12888-018-1710-2 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gillham 1995 {published data only}
    1. * Gillham, J. E. , Reivich, K. J. , Jaycox, L. H. , & Seligman, M. E. P. (1995). Prevention of depressive symptoms in school‐children: Two year follow‐up. Psychological Science, 6(6), 343–351.
Gillham 1999 {published data only}
    1. * Gillham, J. , & Reivich, K. (1999). Prevention of depressive symptoms in school‐children. Psychological Science, 10(5), 461–462. - PubMed
Gillham 2006 {published data only}
    1. * Gillham, J. E. , Reivich, K. J. , Freres, D. R. , Lascher, M. , Litzinger, S. , Shatte, A. , & Seligman, M. E. (2006). School‐based prevention of depression and anxiety symptoms in early adolescence: A pilot of a parent intervention component. School Psychology Quarterly, 21(3), 323–348.
Gillham 2006a {published data only}
    1. * Gillham, J. E. , Hamilton, J. , Freres, D. R. , Patton, K. , & Gallop, R. (2006). Preventing depression among early adolescents in the primary care setting: A randomized controlled study of the Penn resiliency program. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(2), 203–219. - PubMed
Gillham 2007 {published data only}
    1. * Gillham, J. E. , Reivich, K. J. , Freres, D. R. , Chaplin, T. M. , Shatte, A. J. , Samuels, B. , Elkon, A. G. , Litzinger, S. , Lascher, M. , Gallop, R. , & Seligman, M. E. (2007). School‐based prevention of depressive symptoms: A randomized controlled study of the effectiveness and specificity of the Penn Resiliency Program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(1), 9–19. - PMC - PubMed
Gillham 2012 {published data only}
    1. * Gillham, J. E. , Reivich, K. J. , Brunwasser, S. M. , Freres, D. R. , Chajon, N. D. , Kash‐Macdonald, V. M. , Chaplin, T. M. , Abenavoli, R. M. , Matlin, S. L. , Gallop, R. J. , & Seligman, M. E. (2012). Evaluation of a group cognitive‐behavioral depression prevention program for young adolescents: A randomized effectiveness trial. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41(5), 621–639. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00360451 . Effectiveness of school‐based cognitive behavioral therapy in preventing depression in young adolescents. Retrieved 4 August 2006. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00360451
Givi 2012 {published data only}
    1. * Givi, H. G. , Imani, H. , Agh, A. , Rik, N. M. , & Mehrabadi, S. (2012). Efficiency of computerized cognitive behavioral therapy versus clinical intervention for the treatment of major depression. Koomesh, 13(2), 218–224.
Gladstone 2020 {published data only}
    1. * Gladstone, T. , Buchholz, K. R. , Fitzgibbon, M. , Schiffer, L. , Lee, M. , & Voorhees, B. W. V. (2020). Randomized clinical trial of an internet‐based adolescent depression prevention intervention in primary care: Internalizing symptom outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 22. 10.3390/ijerph17217736 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gollan 2003 {published data only}
    1. * Gollan, J. K. , Raffety, B. , & Dobson, K. (2003). Early‐onset and course profiles of major depression after cognitive‐behavior therapy. In 156th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, San Francisco, CA, May 17–22 (NR496).
Gonzalez 2007 {published data only}
    1. * Gonzalez, S. G. , Rodriguez, C. F. , Rodriguez, J. P. , & Amigo, I. (2007). Secondary prevention of depression in primary care. Psychology in Spain, 11(1), 24–32.
Goodyer 2011 {published data only}
    1. * Goodyer, I. M. , Tsancheva, S. , Byford, S. , Dubicka, B. , Hill, J. , Kelvin, R. , Reynolds, S. , Roberts, C. , Senior, R. , Suckling, J. , Wilkinson, P. , Target, M. , & Fonagy, P. (2011). Improving mood with psychoanalytic and cognitive therapies (IMPACT): A pragmatic effectiveness superiority trial to investigate whether specialised psychological treatment reduces the risk for relapse in adolescents with moderate to severe unipolar depression: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 12, 175. - PMC - PubMed
Goodyer 2017 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous . (2017). Correction: Cognitive behavioural therapy and short‐term psychoanalytical psychotherapy versus a brief psychosocial intervention in adolescents with unipolar major depressive disorder (IMPACT): A multicenter, pragmatic, observer‐blind, randomized controlled superiority trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(8), 582. - PMC - PubMed
    1. * Goodyer, I. M. , Reynolds, S. , Barrett, B. , Byford, S. , Dubicka, B. , Hill, J. , Holland, F. , Kelvin, R. , Midgley, N. , Roberts, C. , Senior, R. , Target, M. , Widmer, B. , Wilkinson, P. , & Fonagy, P. (2017). Cognitive behavioural therapy and short‐term psychoanalytical psychotherapy versus a brief psychosocial intervention in adolescents with unipolar major depressive disorder (IMPACT): A multicentre, pragmatic, observer‐blind, randomised controlled superiority trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4, 109–119. 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30378-9 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Goossens 2016 {published data only}
    1. * Goossens Ferry, X. , Lammers, J. , Onrust, S. A. , Conrod, P. J. , Orobio de Castro, B. , & Monshouwer, K. (2016). Effectiveness of a brief school‐based intervention on depression, anxiety, hyperactivity, and delinquency: A cluster randomized controlled trial. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(6), 639–648. - PubMed
Gordon 2011 {published data only}
    1. * Gordon, M. S. , Tonge, B. , & Melvin, G. A. (2011). Outcome of adolescent depression: 6 months after treatment. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(3), 232–239. - PubMed
Griffiths 2012 {published data only}
    1. * Griffiths, K. M. , Mackinnon, A. J. , Crisp, D. A. , Christensen, H. , Bennett, K. , & Farrer, L. (2012). The effectiveness of an online support group for members of the community with depression: A randomised controlled trial. PLoS One, 7(12), e53244. - PMC - PubMed
Haeffel 2010 {published data only}
    1. * Haeffel, G. J. (2010). When self‐help is no help: Traditional cognitive skills training does not prevent depressive symptoms in people who ruminate. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(2), 152–157. - PubMed
Haeffel 2017 {published data only}
    1. * Haeffel, G. J. , Hein, S. , Square, A. , Macomber, D. , Lee, M. , Chapman, J. , & Grigorenko, E. L. (2017). Evaluating a social problem solving intervention for juvenile detainees: Depressive outcomes and moderators of effectiveness. Development and Psychopathology, 29(3), 1035–1042. - PubMed
Hallgren 2015 {published data only}
    1. * Hallgren, M. , Kraepelien, M. , Öjehagen, A. , Lindefors, N. , Zeebari, Z. , Kaldo, V. , & Forsell, Y. (2015). Physical exercise and internet‐based cognitive‐behavioural therapy in the treatment of depression: Randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 207(3), 227–234. - PubMed
Hamdan‐Mansour 2009 {published data only}
    1. * Hamdan‐Mansour, A. M. , Puskar, K. , & Bandak, A. G. (2009). Effectiveness of cognitive‐behavioral therapy on depressive symptomatology, stress and coping strategies among Jordanian university students. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 30(3), 188–196. - PubMed
He 2019 {published data only}
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Hoek 2011 {published data only}
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Hollandare 2013 {published data only}
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Hur 2018 {published data only}
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Hvenegaard 2015 {published data only}
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Iftene 2015 {published data only}
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Karami 2013 {published data only}
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Kennard 2009 {published data only}
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Kessler 2009 {published data only}
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Kim 2011 {published data only}
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Kindt 2014 {published data only}
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Koeser 2013 {published data only}
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Kratochvil 2006 {published data only}
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Kuosmanen 2017 {published data only}
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Langley 2015 {published data only}
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Lewinsohn 1996 {published data only}
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Lewis 2013 {published data only}
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Lorentzen 2020 {published data only}
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Luty 2007 {published data only}
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March 2006a {published data only}
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NCT00374439 {published data only}
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NCT00611052 {published data only}
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NCT00641368 {published data only}
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NCT02266693 {published data only}
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NCT02332239 {published data only}
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NCT02780232 {published data only}
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NCT03047512 {published data only}
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NCT03438331 {published data only}
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NCT03655067 {published data only}
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NCT04264585 {published data only}
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O'Kearney 2006 {published data only}
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Rhodes 2014 {published data only}
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Titov 2010 {published data only}
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Topper 2017 {published data only}
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van der Zanden 2011 {published data only}
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van der Zanden 2014 {published data only}
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Vernmark 2010 {published data only}
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Wagner 2014 {published data only}
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Walker 2014 {published data only}
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Wang 2016 {published data only}
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Ward 2000 {published data only}
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Weersing 2003 {published data only}
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Weersing 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT01147614 . (2017). Brief Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for pediatric anxiety and depression in primary care. Retrieved 22 June 2010. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01147614
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Weisz 2009 {published data only}
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Weisz 2012 {published data only}
    1. * Weisz, J. R. , Chorpita, B. F. , Palinkas, L. A. , Schoenwald, S. K. , Miranda, J. , Bearman, S. K. , Daleiden, E. L. , Ugueto, A. M. , Ho, A. , Martin, J. , Gray, J. , Alleyne, A. , Langer, D. A. , Southam‐Gerow, M. A. , & Gibbons, R. D. (2012). Testing standard and modular designs for psychotherapy treating depression, anxiety, and conduct problems in youth: A randomized effectiveness trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(3), 274–282. - PubMed
Whittaker 2017 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12609000405213 . Memo multimedia mobile phone lifeskills programme for teenagers [A randomised controlled trial of a multimedia mobile phone programme to reduce depressive symptoms in adolescents compared to an attention control mobile phone programme]. Retrieved 6 March 2009. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ID=83667
    1. Whittaker, R. , Merry, S. , Stasiak, K. , McDowell, H. , Doherty, I. , Shepherd, M. , Dorey, E. , Parag, V. , Ameratunga, S. , & Rodgers, A. (2012). MEMO—A mobile phone depression prevention intervention for adolescents: Development process and postprogram findings on acceptability from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14(1), e13. - PMC - PubMed
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Wierzbicki 1987 {published data only}
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Wilde 1994 {published data only}
    1. * Wilde, J. (1994). The effects of the Let's Get Rational board game on rational thinking, depression, and self‐acceptance in adolescents. Journal of Rational‐Emotive and Cognitive‐Behavior Therapy, 12(3), 189–196.
Willemse 2004 {published data only}
    1. * Willemse, G. R. , Smit, F. , Cuijpers, P. , & Tiemens, B. G. (2004). Minimal‐contact psychotherapy for sub‐threshold depression in primary care: Randomised trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 416–421. - PubMed
Williams 1988 {published data only}
    1. * Williams, J. A. (1988). The role of coping skills in the treatment of depressed adolescents [Doctoral thesis]. University of Oregon.
Wong 2008 {published data only}
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Wood 1996 {published data only}
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Wood 1999 {published data only}
    1. * Wood, A. (1999). Child and adolescent depressive disorder: A controlled trial of cognitive behavioural intervention [Doctoral thesis]Ann Arbor. The University of Manchester (United Kingdom).
Wright 2005 {published data only}
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Xu 2017 {published data only}
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Yang 2014 {published data only}
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Yusoff 2015 {published data only}
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Zamirinejad 2014 {published data only}
    1. * Zamirinejad, S. , Hojjat, S. K. , Golzari, M. , Borjali, A. , & Akaberi, A. (2014). Effectiveness of resilience training versus cognitive therapy on reduction of depression in female Iranian college students. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 35(6), 480–488. - PubMed
Zaunműller 2014 {published data only}
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Zemestani 2017 {published data only}
    1. * Zemestani, M. , Imani, M. , & Ottaviani, C. (2017). A preliminary investigation on the effectiveness of unified and transdiagnostic cognitive behavior therapy for patients with comorbid depression and anxiety. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 10(2), 175–185.
Zou 2017 {published data only}
    1. * Zou, Y. , Li, H. , Shi, C. , Lin, Y. , Zhou, H. , & Zhang, J. (2017). Efficacy of psychological pain theory‐based cognitive therapy in suicidal patients with major depressive disorder: A pilot study. Psychiatry Research, 249, 23–29. - PubMed

REFERENCES TO STUDIES AWAITING ASSESSMENT

Demir 2019 {published data only}
    1. * Demir, S. (2019). Cognitive behavioral therapy‐based group counseling (CBTBGC). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04192721.
NCT04111887 {published data only}
    1. *NCT04111887 . Pilot study comparing two versions of group cognitive‐behavioral indicated prevention programs. Retrieved 1 October 2019. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04111887
NCT04117789 {published data only}
    1. *NCT04117789 . Feasibility of internet‐delivered cbt for adolescents with depression. Retrieved 7 October 2019. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04117789
NCT04192721 {published data only}
    1. *NCT04192721 . Cognitive behavioral therapy‐based group counseling. Retrieved 10 December 2019. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04192721
Oregon Research Institute 2018 {published data only}
    1. *Oregon Research Institute . (2018). Pilot study comparing two versions of group cognitive‐behavioral indicated prevention programs. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04111887.
Salamanca‐Sanabria 2018 {published data only}
    1. * Salamanca‐Sanabria, A. , Richards, D. , Timulak, L. , Castro‐Camacho, L. , Mojica‐Perilla, M. , & Parra‐Villa, Y. (2018). Assessing the efficacy of a culturally adapted cognitive behavioural internetdelivered treatment for depression: Protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 18, 53. 10.1186/s12888-018-1634-x - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Yokomitsu 2020 {published data only}
    1. * Yokomitsu, K. , Tomonari, I. , Sekiguchi, M. , Shimizu, A. , Matsuoka, H. , Merry, S. N. , & Stasiak, K. (2020). Gamified mobile computerized cognitive behavioral therapy for Japanese university students with depressive symptoms: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols, 9(4), e15164. 10.2196/15164 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

REFERENCES TO ONGOING STUDIES

Baldofski 2019 {unpublished data only}
    1. * Baldofski, S. , Kohls, E. , Bauer, S. , Becker, K. , Bilic, S. , Eschenbeck, H. , Kaess, M. , Moessner, M. , Salize, H. J. , Diestelkamp, S. , Vob, E. , Rummel‐Kluge, C. , & the ProHEAD consortium . (2019). Efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of two online interventions for children and adolescents at risk for depression (E.motion trial): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial within the ProHEAD consortium. Trials, 20, 53. 10.1186/s13063-018-3156-8 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. DRKS00014668 . ProHEAD – Promoting Help‐seeking using E‐technology for Adolescents. Sub‐project 4: Efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of two online interventions for children and adolescents at risk for depression [ProHEAD – Promoting Help‐seeking using E‐technology for Adolescents. Sub‐project 4: Efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of two online interventions for children and adolescents at risk for depression – E.motion trial]. Retrieved 4 May 2018. http://www.drks.de/DRKS00014668
IRCT20160404027216N7 {unpublished data only}
    1. *IRCT20160404027216N7 . Effect of Cognitive‐Behavior Therapy on the prevention of depression [The Effect of Cognitive‐Behavior Therapy on the prevention of depression in nursing students]. Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://en.irct.ir/trial/33315
IRCT20171231038158N1 {published data only}
    1. *IRCT20171231038158N1 . A comparative study on the efficacy of a positive cognitive‐behavioral therapy and a cognitive behavioral therapy, in depression, subjective well‐being, resiliency, self‐efficacy and self‐esteem for adolescences with depression signs. Retrieved 11 January 2018. https://en.irct.ir/trial/28734

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