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. 2024 Jan 8;14(1):766.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-50659-3.

FEM simulations for double diffusive transport mechanism hybrid nano fluid flow in corrugated enclosure by installing uniformly heated and concentrated cylinder

S Bilal  1   2 , Imtiaz Ali Shah  2 , Ilyas Khan  3 , Shaha Al-Otaibi  4 , Ariana Abdul Rahimzai  5
Affiliations

FEM simulations for double diffusive transport mechanism hybrid nano fluid flow in corrugated enclosure by installing uniformly heated and concentrated cylinder

S Bilal et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Generation of fluid flow due to simultaneous occurrence of heat and mass diffusions caused by buoyancy differences is termed as double diffusion. Pervasive applications of such diffusion arise in numerous natural and scientific systems. This article investigates double diffusion in naturally convective flow of water-based fluid saturated in corrugated enclosure and containing hybrid nano particles composed of Copper (Cu) and Alumina (Al2O3). Impact of uniformly applied magnetic field is also accounted. To produce thermosolutal convective potential circular cylinder of constant radius is also adjusted by providing uniform temperature and concentration distributions. Finite element approach is capitalized to provide solution of utilized governing equations by utilizing Multiphysics COMSOL software. Wide-range of physical parameters are incorporated to depict their influence on associated distributions (velocity, temperature and concentration). Interesting physical quantities like Nusselt number, Sherwood numbers are also calculated against involved sundry parameters. It is note worthily observed that maximum strength of stream lines [Formula: see text] is 3.3 at [Formula: see text] and drops to 1.2 when [Formula: see text] is increased to 0.04. Furthermore, in the hydrodynamic case (Ha = 0), it is observed that the velocity field exhibits an increasing trend compared to the hydromagnetic case [Formula: see text] which is proved from the attained values of stream-function i.e., [Formula: see text] (in the absence of a magnetic field) and [Formula: see text] (in the presence of a magnetic field). It is revealed from the statistics of Nusselt number that increase in volume fraction of nano particles from 0 to 0.4, heat flux coefficient upsurges up to 7% approximately. Since, present work includes novel physical aspects of thermosolutal diffusion generated due to induction of hybrid nanoparticles in water contained in corrugated enclosure, so this study will provide innovative thought to the researchers to conduct research in this direction.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Graphical visualization of domain.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Flow chart of the FEM.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mesh generation of the wavy cavity.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Grid refinement test.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a–i) Comparison of velocity field of current study with Lizardi et al.. (a) Experimental velocity field without protuberance by Lizardi et al.. (b) Numerical velocity field without protuberance by Lizardi et al.. (c) Numerical velocity field without protuberance, present work. (d) Experimental velocity field with rectangular protuberance by Lizardi et al.. (e) Numerical velocity field with rectangular protuberance by Lizardi et al.. (f) Numerical velocity field with rectangular protuberance, present work. (g) Experimental velocity field with semi-circular protuberance by Lizardi et al.. (h) Numerical velocity field with semi-circular protuberance by Lizardi et al.. (i) Numerical velocity field with semi-circular protuberance, present work.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a–d) Comparison of vertical and horizontal velocity distribution of current study with Lizardi et al.. (a) Distribution of vertical velocity for the y=0.04 position by Lizardi et al.. (b) Distribution of vertical velocity for the y=0.04 position, present work. (c) Distribution of horizontal velocity for the x=0.04 position by Lizardi et al.. (d) Distribution of horizontal velocity for the x=0.04 position, present work.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Impact of Ra on streamlines, isotherm and isoconcentration.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Impact of Ha on streamlines, isotherms and isoconcentration.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Impact of ϕ on streamlines, isotherms and isoconcentration.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Impact of Le on streamlines, isotherms and isoconcentration.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Effects of (a) Nuavg and (b) Shavg for different values of φ and Ra.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Effects of (a) Nuavg and (b) Shavg for different values of φ and Ha.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Effects of (a) Nuavg and (b) SHavg for different values of Ra and N.
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