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. 2023 Dec 21;13(1):30.
doi: 10.3390/foods13010030.

Comparative Analysis of the Nutritional Quality of Zizania latifolia Cultivars Harvested in Different Growing Seasons

Guixian Hu  1 , Xue Li  1   2   3 , Aiping Lai  1 , Yan Liu  1 , Yu Zhang  1   2   3 , Junhong Wang  1 , Suling Sun  1 , Jiahong Zhu  1 , Mengfei Yang  4
Affiliations

Comparative Analysis of the Nutritional Quality of Zizania latifolia Cultivars Harvested in Different Growing Seasons

Guixian Hu et al. Foods. .

Abstract

Zizania latifolia (Z. latifolia) is a popular aquatic vegetable with various nutrients in south China, but little is known about its cultivars and growing seasons in terms of the nutritional components. This work aims to characterize the nutrients of five Z. latifolia cultivars in different growing seasons. The results showed that Z. latifolia samples differed in terms of chemical parameters, which were significantly affected by variety, growing season, and their interaction. Zhejiao No. 8, harvested in the autumn, stood out with the highest levels of vitamin C. Tangxiajiao and Zhejiao No. 1 contained the highest values of total soluble solids, reducing sugar, soluble proteins, and amino acids. Significant differences were observed between the autumn Z. latifolia and spring samples; the former were of higher quality than the latter based on hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis. Moreover, total amino acids (TAA) and glutamic acid (GLU) were selected as the key indicators for Z. latifolia comprehensive quality by multiple linear regression analysis. This study provides essential information on Z. latifolia quality characteristics corresponding to cultivars and growing seasons, which lays the foundation for promoting the quality improvement of Z. latifolia scientifically.

Keywords: harvest season; nutrition; variety; vegetable; water bamboo shoots.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationship that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The plant of Z. latifolia (a), swollen gall with shell (b), and swollen gall without shell (c).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effects of Variety, Growing season, and their interaction on each parameter in Z. latifolia. pvalue: significance of difference by ANOVA; −(pvalue − 0.05) > 0: the effect had a significant difference; vice versa. Total soluble solid (TSS), reducing sugar (RS), soluble protein (SP), vitamin C (VC), aspartic acid (ASP), threonine (THR), serine (SER), glutamic (GLU), proline (PRO), glycine (GLY), alanine (ALA), valine (VAL), methionine (MET), isoleucine (ILE), leucine (LEU), tyrosine (TYR), phenylalanine (PHE), histidine (HIS), lysine (LYS), arginine (ARG), and total amino acids (TAA).
Figure 3
Figure 3
The Vitamin C (VC) contents of the five varieties of Z. latifolia in three growing seasons. Means followed by the same lowercase letter for cultivars and uppercase letter for growing season are not different according to the least significant difference tests at 5% of probability.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Hierarchical clustering heatmap analysis for the Z. latifolia samples (a) and Pearson’s correlations between the quality parameters (b). Total soluble solid (TSS), reducing sugar (RS), soluble protein (SP), vitamin C (VC), aspartic acid (ASP), threonine (THR), serine (SER), glutamic (GLU), proline (PRO), glycine (GLY), alanine (ALA), valine (VAL), methionine (MET), isoleucine (ILE), leucine (LEU), tyrosine (TYR), phenylalanine (PHE), histidine (HIS), lysine (LYS), arginine (ARG), and total amino acids (TAA). The a, b, and c corresponded to season 1, season 2 and season 3, respectively. Ta and Tc: tangxiajiao in season 1 and season 3, respectively; Z1a, Z1b and Z1c: Zhejiao No. 1 in season 1, season 2 and season 3, respectively; Z3a, Z3b and Z3c: Zhejiao No. 3 in season 1, season 2 and season 3, respectively; Z7a, Z7b and Z7c: Zhejiao No. 7 in season 1, season 2 and season 3, respectively; Z8a, Z8b and Z8c: Zhejiao No. 8 in season 1, season 2 and season 3, respectively. Red and blue colors indicated positive and negative correlations, respectively. No significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) were indicated with the multiplication sign.
Figure 5
Figure 5
PCA loading plot (a) and biplot (b) in the main component of Z. latifolia samples at different cultivars and growing seasons. Red displayed a high cos2, and blue displayed a low cos2. Total soluble solid (TSS), reducing sugar (RS), soluble protein (SP), vitamin C (VC), aspartic acid (ASP), threonine (THR), serine (SER), glutamic (GLU), proline (PRO), glycine (GLY), alanine (ALA), valine (VAL), methionine (MET), isoleucine (ILE), leucine (LEU), tyrosine (TYR), phenylalanine (PHE), histidine (HIS), lysine (LYS), arginine (ARG), and total amino acids (TAA); tangxiajiao (TJ), Zhejiao No. 1 (ZJ1), Zhejiao No. 3 (ZJ3), Zhejiao No. 7 (ZJ7), and Zhejiao No. 8 (ZJ8).
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