Surface Modification Progress for PLGA-Based Cell Scaffolds

Abstract

Poly(lactic-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a biocompatible bio-scaffold material, but its own hydrophobic and electrically neutral surface limits its application as a cell scaffold. Polymer materials, mimics ECM materials, and organic material have often been used as coating materials for PLGA cell scaffolds to improve the poor cell adhesion of PLGA and enhance tissue adaptation. These coating materials can be modified on the PLGA surface via simple physical or chemical methods, and coating multiple materials can simultaneously confer different functions to the PLGA scaffold; not only does this ensure stronger cell adhesion but it also modulates cell behavior and function. This approach to coating could facilitate the production of more PLGA-based cell scaffolds. This review focuses on the PLGA surface-modified materials, methods, and applications, and will provide guidance for PLGA surface modification.

Keywords: PLGA; cell adhesion; cell delivery; cell scaffold; surface modification.

Figure 5

Michael addition and Schiff base reactions of reactive aminating and sulfurylating ligands. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [91]. Copyright 2023, copyright Frontiers, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Figure 1

Schematic diagram of the ultrasonic coating setup and ultrasonic cavitation near the film surface during the process. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [39]. Copyright 2023, copyright Springer Nature, London, UK.

Figure 2

Preparing sintered PLGA microspheres and depositing electrospun nanofibers. The red is cationic chitosan and the blue is anionic HA. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [42]. Copyright 2023, copyright American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA.

Figure 3

Formation of PDA: A copolymer of 5, 6-dihydroxy indole (DHI) and dopamine. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [83]. Copyright 2023, copyright John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA.

Figure 4

Porous PLGA microspheres coated with PDA so that they may act as a carrier for exosomes. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [3]. Copyright 2023, copyright Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Figure 6

Schematic representation of different cell responses when induced by PLL, PDL, LL9, and DL9. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [9]. Copyright 2023, copyright America Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA.

Figure 7

Ppy-coated PLGA grids. (a) Photos of uncoated PLGA grids (white, left) and Ppy-PLGA grids (black, right); (b) SEM micrograph of a single strand of Ppy-PLGA fibers. (c) SEM image of section of the PPy-PLGA meshes. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [38]. Copyright 2023, copyright Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Figure 8

Synthesis scheme of a cyanide-functional pyrrole (1), a carboxy-functional pyrrole (2), a carboxy-functional Poly(1-(2-carboxyethyl)pyrrole (PpyCOOH) (3), chemically coupled with RGD peptide, RGD grafting PpyCOOH (4). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [116]. Copyright 2023, copyright American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA.

Figure 9

Structure of Ppy with the dopant (anion) A⁻. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [103]. Copyright 2023, copyright Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Figure 10

PLGA + gelatin/ALD/NG stent implantation to repair a cranial defect in rats. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [124]. Copyright 2023, copyright America Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA.

Figure 11

Preparing the PLGA-ECM scaffold. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [131]. Copyright 2023, copyright Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Figure 12

Adhesive-coated PLGA (LC-YE- PLGA) NGC (YE NGC: Yarn-wrapped neural guiding catheter; LC-YE NGC: Laminin-coated yarn-coated neural guiding catheter). Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [49]. Copyright 2023, copyright Royal Society of Chemistry, London, UK.

Figure 13

Diabetic wound repair via the LPS/IFN-γ activation of mouse RAW264.7 cell membranes. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [142]. Copyright 2023, copyright Springer Nature, London, UK.