Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Dec 28;14(1):89.
doi: 10.3390/nano14010089.

A Nanoporous Polymer Modified with Hexafluoroisopropanol to Detect Dimethyl Methylphosphonate

Xuming Wang  1 , Xin Li  1 , Qiang Wu  1 , Yubin Yuan  1 , Weihua Liu  1 , Chuanyu Han  1 , Xiaoli Wang  2
Affiliations

A Nanoporous Polymer Modified with Hexafluoroisopropanol to Detect Dimethyl Methylphosphonate

Xuming Wang et al. Nanomaterials (Basel). .

Abstract

The increasing threat of nerve agents has prompted the need for gas sensors with fast response, high sensitivity, and good stability. In this work, the hexafluoroisopropanol functional group was modified on a porous aromatic framework material, which served as a sensitive material for detecting dimethyl methylphosphonate. A nerve agent sensor was made by coating sensitive materials on a surface acoustic wave device. Lots of pores in sensitive materials effectively increase the specific surface area and provide channels for diffusion of gas molecules. The introduction of hexafluoroisopropanols enables the sensor to specifically adsorb dimethyl methylphosphonate and improves the selectivity of the sensor. As a result, the developed gas sensor was able to detect dimethyl methylphosphonate at 0.8 ppm with response/recovery times of 29.8/43.8 s, and the detection limit of the gas sensor is about 0.11 ppm. The effects of temperature and humidity on the sensor were studied. The results show that the baseline of the sensor has a linear relationship with temperature and humidity, and the temperature and humidity have a significant effect on the response of the sensor. Furthermore, a device for real-time detection of nerve agent is reported. This work provides a new strategy for developing a gas sensor for detecting nerve agents.

Keywords: dimethyl methylphosphonate; gas sensor; hexafluoroisopropanol; surface acoustic wave.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interest or personal relationships that could influence the work reported in this study.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Preparation process of sensitive materials and the SAW sensor.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) Physical diagram of the bulk polymer. (b) The SAW gas sensor coated with sensitive materials. (c) Porous structure of bulk polymer. (d) SEM image of sensitive materials. EDS mapping of carbon (e), fluorine (f), and oxygen (g).
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) Infrared absorption spectra of materials. (b) Fine structure of infrared absorption spectrum.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) Adsorption and desorption isotherm of sample S4. (b) The pore width of the S4 sample. (c) TG curve of S4 sample.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a) Dynamic response curves of SAW sensors corresponding to five formulations. (b) The relationship between concentration of DMMP and response of SAW sensors. (c) The effect of HFIP mass percentage on response of sensor; DMMP concentration is 16 ppm.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) Dynamic curve of the SAW gas sensor corresponding to S4 formulation. (b) The fitted curve between concentration and response. (c) Response time and recovery time of the SAW gas sensor. (d) Selectivity of the SAW gas sensor. (e) Aging performance of the SAW gas sensor. (f) Repeatability of the SAW gas sensor.
Figure 7
Figure 7
(a) The effect of humidity on the response of the gas sensor. (b) The effect of humidity on the baseline of the gas sensor. (c) The effect of temperature on the baseline of the gas sensor.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Response value and response time of the SAW gas sensor at different temperatures.
Figure 9
Figure 9
(a) The signal waveform of the detector when the sensitive material does not adsorb gas. (b) After the sensitive material adsorbs the gas, the signal waveform of the detector changes. (c) A schematic diagram of real-time detection equipment based on an SAW gas sensor. (d) A physical drawing of the real-time equipment. (e) Real-time response curve of the equipment to DMMP.
Figure 10
Figure 10
(a) Dynamic response curve of SAW sensor in phase mode. (b) The phase curve of the sensor at four moments. (c) Detailed phase curve.
Figure 11
Figure 11
(a) The polymerization of DVB and BTHB. (b) ESP of gas molecules. (c) Binding energy of HFIP and molecules.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Binding energy between HFIPs. (a) The bond between the H atom and the O atom. (b) The bond between the H atom and the F atom.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Costanzi S., Machado J.H., Mitchell M. Nerve Agents: What They Are, How They Work, How to Counter Them. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2018;9:873–885. doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00148. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Lai Y.-T., Kuo J.-C., Yang Y.-J. Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal doped with carbon nanotubes for dimethyl methylphosphonate vapor-sensing application. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2013;102:191912. doi: 10.1063/1.4804297. - DOI
    1. Pagidi S., Pasupuleti K.S., Reddeppa M., Ahn S., Kim Y., Kim J.-H., Kim M.-D., Lee S.H., Jeon M.Y. Resistive type NO2 gas sensing in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals with functionalized-carbon nanotubes dopant at room temperature. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2022;370:132482. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2022.132482. - DOI
    1. Yang Z., Zhao L., Zhang Y., Xing Y., Fei T., Liu S., Zhang T. DMMP sensors based on Au-SnO2 hybrids prepared through colloidal assembly approach: Gas sensing performances and mechanism study. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2022;369:132278. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2022.132278. - DOI
    1. Grabka M., Witkiewicz Z., Jasek K., Piwowarski K. Acoustic Wave Sensors for Detection of Blister Chemical Warfare Agents and Their Simulants. Sensors. 2022;22:5607. doi: 10.3390/s22155607. - DOI - PMC - PubMed