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Review
. 2023 Dec 21;29(1):60.
doi: 10.3390/molecules29010060.

A Comprehensive Review of the Classification, Sources, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Norditerpenes

Ni Zeng  1 , Qiongdan Zhang  1 , Qingying Yao  1 , Gang Fu  1 , Wei Su  1 , Wei Wang  1 , Bin Li  1
Affiliations
Review

A Comprehensive Review of the Classification, Sources, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Norditerpenes

Ni Zeng et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Norditerpenes are considered to be a common and widely studied class of bioactive compounds in plants, exhibiting a wide array of complex and diverse structural types and originating from various sources. Based on the number of carbons, norditerpenes can be categorized into C19, C18, C17, and C16 compounds. Up to now, 557 norditerpenes and their derivatives have been found in studies published between 2010 and 2023, distributed in 51 families and 132 species, with the largest number in Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Cephalotaxaceae. These norditerpenes display versatile biological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, as well as inhibitory effects against HIV and α-glucosidase, and can be considered as an important source of treatment for a variety of diseases that had a high commercial value. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the plant sources, chemical structures, and biological activities of norditerpenes derived from natural sources, serving as a valuable reference for further research development and application in this field.

Keywords: anti-inflammatory; antimicrobial; biological activities; chemical constituents; norditerpenes; norditerpenoids.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Basic skeleton of C19 norditerpenes.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Structures of labdane-type C19 norditerpenes.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Basic skeletons of clerodane-type C19 norditerpenes.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Structures of clerodane-type C19 norditerpenes.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Basic skeletons of pimarane-type C19 norditerpenes.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Structures of pimarane-type C19 norditerpenes.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Structures of abietane-type C19 norditerpenes.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Structures of kaurane-type C19 norditerpenes.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Structures of cephalotane-type C19 norditerpenes.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Structures of cembranoid-type C19 norditerpenes.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Structures of other compounds of C19 norditerpenes.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Structures of other compounds of C19 norditerpenes.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Structures of C18 norditerpenes.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Structures of C18 norditerpenes.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Structures of C17 norditerpenes.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Structures of C16 norditerpenes.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Structures of C16 norditerpenes.
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