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Review
. 2023 Dec 27;29(1):172.
doi: 10.3390/molecules29010172.

Not Only Graphene Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials: Recent Trends in Electrochemical (Bio)sensing Area for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications

Paola Di Matteo  1 , Rita Petrucci  1 , Antonella Curulli  2
Affiliations
Review

Not Only Graphene Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials: Recent Trends in Electrochemical (Bio)sensing Area for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications

Paola Di Matteo et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials (e.g., graphene) have attracted growing attention in the (bio)sensing area and, in particular, for biomedical applications because of their unique mechanical and physicochemical properties, such as their high thermal and electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, and large surface area. Graphene (G) and its derivatives represent the most common 2D nanomaterials applied to electrochemical (bio)sensors for healthcare applications. This review will pay particular attention to other 2D nanomaterials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and MXenes, applied to the electrochemical biomedical (bio)sensing area, considering the literature of the last five years (2018-2022). An overview of 2D nanostructures focusing on the synthetic approach, the integration with electrodic materials, including other nanomaterials, and with different biorecognition elements such as antibodies, nucleic acids, enzymes, and aptamers, will be provided. Next, significant examples of applications in the clinical field will be reported and discussed together with the role of nanomaterials, the type of (bio)sensor, and the adopted electrochemical technique. Finally, challenges related to future developments of these nanomaterials to design portable sensing systems will be shortly discussed.

Keywords: 2D nanomaterials; COFs; MOFs; MXenes; TMDs; biomedical analysis; electrochemical (bio)sensors; healthcare.

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Conflict of interest statement

The author declares no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
MXenes: (A) chemical composition starting from MAX and (B) schematics of the synthetic path.
Figure 2
Figure 2
TMDs: structure (center), M = transition metal and X = chalcogen; structures and surface modification: non-covalent (left) and covalent (right) interactions.
Figure 3
Figure 3
MOFs: synthetic strategies.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Two-dimensional COFs: structures and synthetic strategies.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Schematic representation of Ni-Co MOF synthesis, a non-enzymatic glucose-sensor-assembling and glucose-detection mechanism, reprinted with permission by [57] Copyright 2022, Elsevier. The arrows indicate the well-known glucose detection mechanism.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Scheme of GCE modification for assembling glucose biosensor reprinted from [64]. The arrows indicate the several steps of the glucose sensor assembling.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Schematic representation of electrode modification and glucose sensing mechanism, reprinted with permission from [70] Copyright 2022 Elsevier. The arrows indicate the cyclic volyammetry of the glucose oxidation and the glucose detection by chrono amperometry.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Scheme of TMD synthesis, CC electrode modification and electrochemical characterization, reprinted with permission from [77] Copyright 2022 Elsevier.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Scheme of the sensing mechanism involved in DA assay at ZIF-67/PEDOT-modified LPE, reprinted with permission from [80] Copyright 2022 Elsevier.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Sensing mechanism of 5-HT determination at MXene-modified GCE, reprinted with permission from [92] Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society. The colored lines correspond to the different electrochemical signals using different concentration of 5-HT.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Schematic representation of L-cys/AuNPs/MXene-modified conductive thread electrode assembling and sensing mechanism of cortisol determination, reprinted with permission from [99] Copyright 2022 Elsevier.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Assembling of Cu-BTC/ZIF-L composite-modified DGE and sensing mechanism of insulin assay, reprinted with permission from [105] Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society.
Figure 13
Figure 13
(a) Schematic of real-time in vivo insulin monitoring using aptamer/Cu-BTC/ZIF-L/DGE. (b) CV curves of insulin concentration in serum samples determined by insulin aptasensor. (c) Calibration plot of anodic peak current vs. insulin concentration logarithm, reprinted with permission from [105] Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society.
Figure 14
Figure 14
(A) Scheme for the synthesis of m-COF@IgY and IgY for E. coli and (B) sensing mechanism of the immunosensor for E. coli based on m-COF@IgY and ferrocene boric acid (FBA) using magnetic control screen-printed electrode (SPE) as detection platform, reprinted with permission from [108], Copyright 2022 Elsevier.
Figure 15
Figure 15
(A) Scheme of nanoprobe assembling and (B) sensing mechanism of the aptasensor for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 NP, reprinted with permission from [123], Copyright 2021 Elsevier.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Scheme of the electrochemical immunosensor assembling steps for label-free detection of CEA, reprinted from [134].
Figure 17
Figure 17
Scheme of the electrochemical sandwich immunosensor assembling for the determination of CA 125, reprinted with permission from [137] Copyright 2022 Elsevier.
Figure 18
Figure 18
Scheme of non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor assembling for the determination of NF, reprinted with permission from [145] Copyright 2022 Elsevier.
Figure 19
Figure 19
Scheme for MIP/CuS/Au@COF/GCE-sensor assembling and the STZ-detection strategy, reprinted with permission from [147] Copyright 2020 Elsevier.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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