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. 2024 Jan 2;29(1):245.
doi: 10.3390/molecules29010245.

Auricularia auricula Anionic Polysaccharide Nanoparticles for Gastrointestinal Delivery of Pinus koraiensis Polyphenol Used in Bone Protection under Weightlessness

Li Kang  1 , Qiao Li  2 , Yonghui Jing  1 , Feiyan Ren  1 , Erzhuo Li  2 , Xiangyin Zeng  2 , Yier Xu  2 , Dongwei Wang  1 , Qiang Wang  1 , Guicai Sun  3 , Lijun Wei  2 , Yan Diao  1   4
Affiliations

Auricularia auricula Anionic Polysaccharide Nanoparticles for Gastrointestinal Delivery of Pinus koraiensis Polyphenol Used in Bone Protection under Weightlessness

Li Kang et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Auricularia auricula polysaccharides used in Pinus koraiensis polyphenol encapsulation and delivery under weightlessness are rarely reported. In this study, an anionic polysaccharide fragment named AAP Iα with a molecular weight of 133.304 kDa was isolated and purified to construct a polyphenol encapsulation system. Nanoparticles named NPs-PP loaded with a rough surface for Pinus koraiensis polyphenol (PP) delivery were fabricated by AAP Iα and ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL). SEM and the DLS tracking method were used to observe continuous changes in AAP Iα, ε-PL and PP on the nanoparticles' rough surface assembly, as well as the dispersion and stability. Hydrophilic, monodisperse and highly negative charged nanoparticles can be formed at AAP Iα 0.8 mg/mL, ε-PL 20 μg/mL and PP 80 μg/mL. FT-IR was used to determine their electrostatic interactions. Release kinetic studies showed that nanoparticles had an ideal gastrointestinal delivery effect. NPs-PP loaded were assembled through electrostatic interactions between polyelectrolytes after hydrogen bonding formation in PP-AAP Iα and PP-ε-PL, respectively. Colon adhesion properties and PP delivery in vivo of nanoparticles showed that NPs-PP loaded had high adhesion efficiency to the colonic mucosa under simulated microgravity and could enhance PP bioavailability. These results suggest that AAP Iα can be used in PP encapsulation and delivery under microgravity in astronaut food additives.

Keywords: Auricularia auricula anionic polysaccharides; Pinus koraiensis polyphenol; food additives; nanoparticles; self-assembly.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Elution curve of AAP on DEAE-52 (A). Encapsulation efficiencies of PP (B,D). Elution curve of AAP I on Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography column (C).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Morphology of NPs-PP loaded under SEM. SEM photographs of the morphology of AAP Iα (A–F), ε-PL (G–L) and PP (M–R) at different concentrations of NPs-PP loaded, respectively.
Figure 3
Figure 3
DLS data of NPs-PP loaded size distributions. Effects of different concentrations of AAP Iα (A–F), ε-PL (G–L) and PP (M–R) on NPs-PP loaded size distributions.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effects of different concentrations of AAP Iα, ε-PL and PP on encapsulation efficiencies and loading content (A–C), and polydispersity index and zeta potential (D–F) of NPs-PP loaded, respectively. Each point represents the mean value ± standard deviation (n = 3).
Figure 5
Figure 5
FT-IR spectra of PP, ε-PL, AAP Iα, NPs and NPs-PP loaded. The AAP Iα, PP, NPs, and NPs-PP loaded spectra all display broad absorption peaks ranging from 3000 to 3600 cm−1 (indicated by red shading) and weaker absorption peaks between 2900 and 3000 cm−1 (marked by green shading). Additionally, the PP spectrum reveals a series of absorption peaks in the 1700–1000 cm−1 range (highlighted in yellow).
Figure 6
Figure 6
In vitro release of PP from NPs-PP loaded in SGF and SIF. Each point represents the mean value ± standard deviation (n = 3).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Adhesion effect of NPs-PP loaded on colon ex vivo. H&E staining of the colon (A). Image J analysis data for H&E staining and adhesion rate of NPs-PP loaded on colon (B). Analysis data of NPs-PP loaded/colon crypt between CK and HU (C). The statistical results shown represent the mean ± SD (n = 3), boxes represent enlarged tissue parts, arrow indicates colon crypt depth, vs. the CK group, ** p < 0.01. n = 6 rats for each group. CK: ground group. HU: hindlimb-unloaded group.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Micro-CT analysis of the cancellous area from the distal femur and PINP and BALP concentration in serum under simulated microgravity. Cancellous: one 2.1 mm thick trabecular bone chip under the epiphyseal plate in the lower end of the femur was selected as the region of interest (ROI); scale: 1 mm. 3D reconstruction images of cancellous ROI in femur (A). BMD (B), bone mineral density (mg HA/ccm), refers to the total BMD of the ROI. BS/BV (C), bone surface to bone volume (1/mm), refers the content of bone tissue in the sample. BV/TV (D), bone volume fraction, refers to the ratio of bone volume to tissue volume. Con.D (E), connectivity density, shows the number of connections in the trabecular networks. SMI (F), structure model index, is a method for determining the plate- or rod-like geometry of trabecular structures. Tb.N (G), trabecular number (1/mm). Tb.Sp (H), trabecular separation (mm). Tb.T (I), trabecular thickness (mm). PINP (J) and BALP (K) concentration in serum. The statistical results shown represent the mean ± SD. vs. the control group, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, vs. the HU group, # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, vs. the PP group, △ p < 0.05, △△ p < 0.01. n = 6 rats for each group. CK: ground group. HU: hindlimb-unloaded group. NP: rats were treated with 118.75 mg/kg/d nanoparticles without PP loaded during hindlimb-unloading. NP-PP loaded: rats were treated with 156.25 mg/kg/d nanoparticles with PP loaded during hindlimb-unloading. PP: rats were treated with 37.5 mg/kg/d polyphenols isolated from pine (Pinus koraiensis) during hindlimb-unloading.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Mechanism of NPs-PP loaded formation.
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