Hydrogels in Ophthalmology: Novel Strategies for Overcoming Therapeutic Challenges

Abstract

The human eye's intricate anatomical and physiological design necessitates tailored approaches for managing ocular diseases. Recent advancements in ophthalmology underscore the potential of hydrogels as a versatile therapeutic tool, owing to their biocompatibility, adaptability, and customizability. This review offers an exploration of hydrogel applications in ophthalmology over the past five years. Emphasis is placed on their role in optimized drug delivery for the posterior segment and advancements in intraocular lens technology. Hydrogels demonstrate the capacity for targeted, controlled, and sustained drug release in the posterior segment of the eye, potentially minimizing invasive interventions and enhancing patient outcomes. Furthermore, in intraocular lens domains, hydrogels showcase potential in post-operative drug delivery, disease sensing, and improved biocompatibility. However, while their promise is immense, most hydrogel-based studies remain preclinical, necessitating rigorous clinical evaluations. Patient-specific factors, potential complications, and the current nascent stage of research should inform their clinical application. In essence, the incorporation of hydrogels into ocular therapeutics represents a seminal convergence of material science and medicine, heralding advancements in patient-centric care within ophthalmology.

Keywords: biocompatibility; cell-based therapy; drug delivery; hydrogels; intraocular lens; intravitreous injection; material science; ophthalmology; polymers; suprachoroidal injection.

Figure 1

Current state of hydrogel applications in the field of ophthalmology.

Figure 2

Classification of Hydrogels.

Figure 3

Methods of Chemical and Physical Cross-linking of Hydrogels.

Figure 4

Anatomy of the Posterior Segment.

Figure 5

Retinal Anatomy. The illustration highlights the different layers of the retina and its main cell types. (BioRender, https://app.biorender.com/, accessed on 17 July 2023.)

Figure 6

Corneal Barrier.

Figure 7

Static and Dynamic Barriers of the Eye. The provided illustration underscores the predominant barriers within the eye, which serve dual purposes: first, to preserve its internal milieu; and second, to pose challenges for the effective delivery of administered drugs. (BioRender, https://app.biorender.com/, accessed on 15 June 2023.)