Epidemiology and early screening strategies for colorectal cancer in China

Abstract

China ranks the first worldwide in the number of new colorectal cancer (CRC) cases and CRC-related deaths. The increasing incidence of early-onset CRC in recent years highlights the challenges related to CRC screening and prevention. High-quality colonoscopy is the universally used gold standard for CRC screening. Risk assessment combined with a two-step screening strategy based on colonoscopy and non-invasive examinations was proven to be highly effective. However, systematic use of well-established risk factors associated with CRC, beyond age, could better identify those who might harbor advanced colorectal neoplasia, improve the diagnostic yield of current screening modalities, and optimize the selection of individuals who might benefit most from preventive strategies. "Personalization" and "Standardization" are the future development directions of CRC screening, from the initiation of screening in those at high risk for CRC to follow-up after treatment, which are the key to ensure the screening efficiency.

Keywords: Colorectal cancer; early screening; epidemiology; review.

Figure 1

List of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for colorectal cancer.

Figure 2

Current CRC screening paradigms (two-step approach). CRC, colorectal cancer. Non-invasive tests include fecal immunohistochemical testing, multi-target stool DNA testing and/or other future non-invasive testing options.