Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2023 Nov 21;2(4):294-307.
doi: 10.1016/j.imj.2023.11.006. eCollection 2023 Dec.

Metal nanoparticles as inhibitors of enzymes and toxins of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Amruta A Joshi  1 , Ravindra H Patil  1
Affiliations
Review

Metal nanoparticles as inhibitors of enzymes and toxins of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Amruta A Joshi et al. Infect Med (Beijing). .

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is an aerobic Gram-positive spherical bacterium known to cause a broad range of infections worldwide. It is a major cause of infective skin and soft infections and severe and life-threatening conditions, such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and endocarditis. The emergence of drug-resistant strains of S aureus, particularly methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA), has become a significant concern in the healthcare community. Antibiotic-resistant S aureus is commonly acquired in hospitals and long-term care facilities. It often affects patients with weakened immune systems, those undergoing invasive medical procedures, or those who have been hospitalized for extended periods. In the US, S aureus is known to cause potentially fatal illnesses, such as toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and acute-onset toxic shock syndrome (TSS), which are characterized by fever and hypotension. It develops resistance to antibiotics through several mechanisms, such as the production of enzymes that inactivate antibiotics, target site modification, efflux pumps, and plasmid-mediated resistance. Therefore, preventing the spread of drug-resistant S aureus is needed, and there is an urgent need to explore novel approaches in the development of anti-staphylococcal agents. This article reviews the principal infections caused by S aureus, major virulence factors, mechanisms of resistance development, and nanotechnology-based solutions for the control of drug-resistant S aureus.

Keywords: Drug resistance; Efflux pumps; Inhibitors; Nanotechnology; Plasmid; Staphylococcus aureus.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Image, graphical abstract
Graphical abstract
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Murray C.J., Ikuta K.S., Sharara F., et al. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet North Am. Ed. 2022;399(10325):629–655.F. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hiramatsu K., Katayama Y., Matsuo M., et al. Multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and future chemotherapy. J. Infect. Chemother. 2014;20(10):593–601. doi: 10.1016/j.jiac.2014.08.001. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Ito T., Katayama Y., Hiramatsu K. Cloning and nucleotide sequence determination of the entire mec DNA of pre-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus N315. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1999;43(6):1449–1458. doi: 10.1128/AAC.43.6.1449. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tong S.Y., Davis J.S., Eichenberger E., et al. Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2015;28(3):603–661. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00134-14. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Clebak K.T., Malone M.A. Skin infections. Prim. Care Clin. Off. Pract. 2018;45(3):433–454. doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2018.05.004. - DOI - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources