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. 2023 Dec 13;15(12):e50488.
doi: 10.7759/cureus.50488. eCollection 2023 Dec.

The Risk of Persistent Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease in Early- and Late-Onset Preeclampsia: A Report From Developing Country

Ernawati Ernawati  1 , Aditiawarman Aditiawarman  1 , Agus Sulistyono  1 , Kamalia Hasanah  1 , Salsabilah N Ridfah  1 , M Ilham A Akbar  1 , Erry Gumilar Dachlan  1
Affiliations

The Risk of Persistent Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease in Early- and Late-Onset Preeclampsia: A Report From Developing Country

Ernawati Ernawati et al. Cureus. .

Abstract

Background and objective: Preeclampsia (PE) has been disproportionately prevalent in developing countries and constitutes a leading cause of maternal mortality, and also has long-term impacts, including renal consequences. This study aimed to explore the risk of persistent hypertension and kidney failure in early-onset PE (EOP) and late-onset PE (LOP) in the five years after delivery.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study included women with a prior history of severe PE or normotensive pregnancy admitted to tertiary hospitals in Indonesia. The blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), urea, creatinine serum, and protein urine were analyzed, and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) after five years was performed using the Kidney Disease Improvement Global Outcomes (KDIGO) classification.

Results: Twenty-seven EOP, 35 LOP, and 30 normotensive cases were included. Mean blood pressure after five years was recorded as 115.6 ± 14.25 mmHg in the normotensive group, 131.82 ± 19.34 mmHg in the LOP group, and 154.96 ± 23.48 mmHg in the EOP group. According to the KDIGO classification, the normotensive group had an average 10% risk of CKD, but severe PE had a risk of CKD greater than 90%. In the severe PE group, the risk of CKD was 20.94 times higher compared to normotensive women (OR 20.94; 95% CI 2.67-163.72, p = 0.004). The risk of CKD in the EOP group was 6.75 times higher than in the LOP group (OR 6.75; 95% CI 2.19-20.76, p = 0.001), whereas persistent hypertension in the EOP group was 5.78 times higher than in the LOP group (OR 5.78; 95% CI 1.91-17.395, p = 0.002).

Conclusions: PE women have a higher risk of CKD than normotensive women. Women with a history of EOP are more likely to develop persistent hypertension and CKD than women with a prior LOP history.

Keywords: chronic kidney disease; early-onset preeclampsia; late-onset preeclampsia; long term effect; persistent hypertension.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Study flowchart.
PE, pre-eclampsia; EOP, early-onset pre-eclampsia; LOP, late-onset pre-eclampsia.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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