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. 2023 Dec 1;15(23):4595.
doi: 10.3390/polym15234595.

Chitosan-Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanocomposites for Regenerative Therapy

Carlos David Grande-Tovar  1 , Jorge Ivan Castro  2 , Diego López Tenorio  3 , Paula A Zapata  4 , Edwin Florez-López  5 , Carlos Humberto Valencia-Llano  3
Affiliations

Chitosan-Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanocomposites for Regenerative Therapy

Carlos David Grande-Tovar et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

Tissue accidents provide numerous pathways for pathogens to invade and flourish, causing additional harm to the host tissue while impeding its natural healing and regeneration. Essential oils (EOs) exhibit rapid and effective antimicrobial properties without promoting bacterial resistance. Clove oils (CEO) demonstrate robust antimicrobial activity against different pathogens. Chitosan (CS) is a natural, partially deacetylated polyamine widely recognized for its vast antimicrobial capacity. In this study, we present the synthesis of four membrane formulations utilizing CS, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and glycerol (Gly) incorporated with CEO and nanobioglass (n-BGs) for applications in subdermal tissue regeneration. Our analysis of the membranes' thermal stability and chemical composition provided strong evidence for successfully blending polymers with the entrapment of the essential oil. The incorporation of the CEO in the composite was evidenced by the increase in the intensity of the band of C-O-C in the FTIR; furthermore, the increase in diffraction peaks, as well as the broadening, provide evidence that the introduction of CEO perturbed the crystal structure. The morphological examination conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the incorporation of CEO resulted in smooth surfaces, in contrast to the porous morphologies observed with the n-BGs. A histological examination of the implanted membranes demonstrated their biocompatibility and biodegradability, particularly after a 60-day implantation period. The degradation process of more extensive membranes involved connective tissue composed of type III collagen fibers, blood vessels, and inflammatory cells, which supported the reabsorption of the composite membranes, evidencing the material's biocompatibility.

Keywords: chitosan composites; clove essential oil; nanobioglass; scaffolds; subdermal tissue regeneration.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
FT-IR spectrum of CS/PVA/CEO/GLY/n-BG composites.
Figure 2
Figure 2
XRD analysis of CS/PVA/CEO/GLY/n-BG composites.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Thermogravimetric analysis of the CS/PVA/CEO/GLY/n-BG composites.
Figure 4
Figure 4
DSC curves of the CS/PVA/CEO/GLY/n-BG composites.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Morphology of membranes of CS/PVA/CEO/GLY/n-BG composites.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Subdermal implantation at 60 days on the dorsal surface of the Wistar rat. (A) Skin with hair recovery; (B): skin with trichotomy; (C): the inner surface of the skin. Ovals: Intervened area. IZ: Implantation area. Circles: areas of material implementation. Black circles: the implantation zones for the four formulations.
Figure 7
Figure 7
F1 formulation. Subdermal implantations at 60 days. (A) Image at 4×, GT technique. (B) Image at 10×, GT technique. (C) Image at 100×, MT technique. D: Dermis. M: Muscle. IZ: Implantation area. Black circle: Implantation area. Ad: adipocytes. White circle: Area with the presence of adipocytes. Red arrow: Fragments of the implanted material. Purple arrow: Type III collagen fibers. Yellow arrow: type I collagen fibers.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Formulation F2. Subdermal implantations at 60 days. (A) Image at 4×, MT technique. (B) Image at 40×, MT technique. (C) Image at 40×, GT technique. M: Muscle. IZ: Implantation area. Black circle: Implantation area. Yellow arrow: type I collagen fibers. Red arrow: Fragments of the implanted material. Purple arrow: Type III collagen fibers. Ic: Inflammatory cells. Green star: connective tissue.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Formulation F3. Subdermal implantations at 60 days. (A) Image at 4×, GT technique. (B) Image at 40×, GT technique. (C) Image at 40×, MT technique. M: Muscle. Fc: Fibrous capsule. Black circle: Implantation area. Red arrow: Fragments of the implanted material. Purple arrow: Type III collagen fibers. Ic: Inflammatory cells. Yellow arrow: type I collagen fibers. Ad: adipocytes. Green star: connective tissue.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Formulation F4. Subdermal implantations at 60 days. (A) Image at 4×, MT technique. (B) Image at 10×, GT technique. (C) Image at 100×, GT technique. M: Muscle. IZ: Implantation area. Fc: Fibrous capsule. Black circle: Implantation area. Red arrow: Fragments of the implanted material. Yellow arrow: type I collagen fibers. Purple arrow: type III collagen fibers. Yellow circle: implantation area. Bv: blood vessels.
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