The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome after COVID-19 infection

Abstract

Obstructive sleep apnea is a well-known risk factor regarding the severity of COVID-19 infection. However, to date, relatively little research performed on the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in COVID-19 survivors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk of obstructive sleep apnea after COVID-19 infection. This study was based on data collected from the US Collaborative Network in TriNetX. From January 1, 2020 to June 30, 2022, participants who underwent the SARS-CoV-2 test were included in the study. Based on their positive or negative results of the COVID-19 test results (the polymerase chain reaction [PCR] test), we divided the study population into two groups. The duration of follow-up began when the PCR test was administered and continued for 12 months. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for newly recorded COVID-19 positive subjects for obstructive sleep apnea were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model and compared to those without COVID-19 infection. Subgroup analyses were performed for the age, sex, and race, groups. The COVID-19 group was associated with an increased risk of obstructive sleep apnea, at both 3 months of follow-up (HR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.48-1.54), and 1 year of follow-up (HR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.55-1.60). Kaplan-Meier curves regarding the risk of obstructive sleep apnea revealed a significant difference of probability between the two cohorts in the follow-up periods of 3 months and 1 year (Log-Rank test, p < 0.001). The risks of obstructive sleep apnea among COVID-19 patients were significant in the less than 65 year of age group (HR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.47-1.52), as well as in the group older than or equal to 65 years (HR:1.69, 95% CI: 1.64-1.73). Furthermore, the risks of obstructive sleep apnea were evident in both the male and female COVID-19 groups. Compared to the control group, the risks of obstructive sleep apnea in the COVID-19 participants increased in the subgroups of White (HR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.59-1.64), Blacks/African Americans (HR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.45-1.55), Asian (HR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.32-1.62) and American Indian/Alaska Native (HR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.07-1.74). In conclusion, the incidence of new diagnosis obstructive sleep apnea could be substantially higher after COVID-19 infection than non-COVID-19 comparison group. Physicians should evaluate obstructive sleep apnea in patients after COVID-19 infection to help prevent future long-term adverse effects from occurring in the future, including cardiovascular and neurovascular disease.

Keywords: COVID-19; Cohort study; SARS-CoV-2 infection; TriNetx; obstructive sleep apnea.