Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2024 Apr:24:100520.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100520. Epub 2024 Jan 12.

Benzimidazole F167Y polymorphism in the canine hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum: Widespread geographic, seasonal, age, and breed distribution in United States and Canada dogs

Christian M Leutenegger  1 , Michelle D Evason  2 , Jennifer L Willcox  2 , Haresh Rochani  2 , Holly L Richmond  2 , Cathy Meeks  2 , Cecilia E Lozoya  2 , Jeffrey Tereski  2 , Samantha Loo  2 , Kelly Mitchell  2 , Jan Andrews  2 , Christian Savard  3
Affiliations

Benzimidazole F167Y polymorphism in the canine hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum: Widespread geographic, seasonal, age, and breed distribution in United States and Canada dogs

Christian M Leutenegger et al. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2024 Apr.

Abstract

Surveillance data for Ancylostoma spp. and the A. caninum benzimidazole treatment resistance associated F167Y polymorphism using molecular diagnostics was obtained in a large population of dogs from the United States and Canada. Real-time PCR (qPCR) for Ancylostoma spp. and allele-specific qPCR detecting a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) F167Y was used in 262,872 canine stool samples collected between March and December of 2022. Ancylostoma spp. was found at an overall prevalence of 2.5% (6538/262,872), with the highest prevalence in the Southern US, 4.4% (4490/103,095), and the lowest prevalence in Canada 0.6% (101/15,829). The A. caninum F167Y polymorphism was found with the highest prevalence (13.4%, n = 46/343) in the Western US and the lowest in Canada at 4.1% (4/97). The F167Y polymorphism was detected every month over the 10-month collection period. Seasonal distribution showed a peak in June for both Ancylostoma spp. (3.08%, 547/17,775) and A. caninum F167Y (12.25%, 67/547). However, the A. caninum F167Y polymorphism prevalence was highest in September (13.9%, 119/856). Age analysis indicates a higher prevalence of both hookworm infections and occurrence of resistant isolates in puppies. The breeds with the highest F167Y polymorphism prevalence in Ancylostoma spp. detected samples were poodles (28.9%), followed by Bernese Mountain dogs (25%), Cocker spaniels (23.1%), and greyhounds (22.4%). Our data set describes widespread geographic distribution of the A. caninum benzimidazole resistance associated F167Y polymorphism in the United States and Canada, with no clear seasonality compared to the Ancylostoma spp. prevalence patterns. The F167 polymorphism was present in all geographic areas with detected hookworms, including Canada. Our study highlights that the F167Y polymorphism is represented in many dog breeds, including greyhounds.

Keywords: Ancylostoma caninum; Benzimidazole resistance; F167Y polymorphism; US and Canada; Wellness screening; qPCR.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest All authors are employees (CML, MDE, JLW, CM, CEL, JT, SL, KM, JA, CS) or consultants (HR, HLR) for Antech Diagnostics, Inc., Mars Petcare Science & Diagnostics.

Figures

Image 1
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
A: Distribution of Ancylostoma spp. in the US. B: Distribution of benzimidazole resistance associated F167Y polymorphism in A. caninum in the US and Canada.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Total numbers of Ancylostoma spp. and A. caninum with the F167Y polymorphism by month from March through December 2022.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
A: Prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. by month. B: Benzimidazole resistance F167Y polymorphism in A. caninum by month from March through December 2022.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Age categories with percentage of total number of submissions (blue), the prevalence of detectedF167Y polymorphism detected (red) and the prevalence of F167Y polymorphism undetected (green). The red bar (detected F167Y polymorphism) and green bar (F167Y polymorphism undetected) together represent the prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. in each age category.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Breed distribution of Ancylostoma spp. (blue bars) and F167Y polymorphism prevalence (red bars) in 20 dog breeds.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Comparison of A. caninum F167Y polymorphism prevalence within each dog breed shown in Fig. 5.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Al Izzi S., Martin D.S., Chan R.Y., Leutenegger C.M. Babesia canis vogeli, Ehrlichia canis, and Anaplasma platys infection in a dog. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2013;42:471–475. - PubMed
    1. Allen T., Parker M. Deworming delusions? Mass drug administration in east African schools. J. Biosoc. Sci. 2016;48(1):116–147. - PubMed
    1. Bowman D.D., Manella C. Heartworms, macrocyclic lactones, and the specter of resistance to prevention in the United States. Parasites Vectors. 2012;9:138. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Chelladurai J.J., Kifleyohannes T., Scott J., Brewer M.T. Praziquantel resistance in the zoonotic cestode Dipylidium caninum. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2018;99:1201–1205. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Drake J., Carey T. Seasonality and changing prevalence of common canine gastrointestinal nematodes in the USA. Parasites Vectors. 2019;12:430. - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources